Identification and Related Records
- 【Name】
- Perchlorethylene
- 【Iupac name】
- 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene
- 【Registry number】
- 127-18-4 (CAS DataBase Reference)
- 【Synonyms】
-
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ankilostin
tetralex
tetravec
Tetrochloroethane
tetroguer
Tetropil
antisol 1
Didakene
carbon dichloride
Dowper
Ethylene tetrachloride
fedal-un
Nema
PER
perawin
PERC
perchlor
Perchloroethylene
Perclene
Tetrachloroethylene
perclene d
percosolve
PERK
perklone
persec
tetlen
Tetracap
tetrachloroethene
tetraleno
- 【EINECS(EC#)】
- 204-825-9
- 【Molecular Formula】
- C2Cl4 (Products with the same molecular formula)
- 【Molecular Weight】
- 165.83
- 【Inchi】
- InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
- 【InChIKey】
- CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- 【Canonical SMILES】
- C(=C(Cl)Cl)(Cl)Cl
127-18-4.mol
Chemical and Physical Properties
- 【Appearance】
- colourless liquid with ether-like odour
- 【Density】
- 1.625
- 【Melting Point】
- -22℃
- 【Boiling Point】
- 120-122℃
- 【Vapour】
- 19.3mmHg at 25°C
- 【Refractive Index】
- 1.505
- 【Flash Point】
- 27.4°C
- 【Solubilities】
- < 0.1 mg/ml
- 【Color/Form】
- Colorless liquid.
- 【Stability】
- Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
- 【HS Code】
- 29032300
- 【Storage temp】
- 0-6°C
- 【Spectral properties】
- SADTLER REF NUMBER: 237 (IR, PRISM); 79 (IR, GRATING)
Index of Refraction: 1.5053 at 20 deg C/D
IR: 4786 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
MASS: 1053 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
- 【Computed Properties】
- Molecular Weight:165.8334 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula:C2Cl4
XLogP3:3.4
H-Bond Donor:0
H-Bond Acceptor:0
Rotatable Bond Count:0
Exact Mass:165.872461
MonoIsotopic Mass:163.875411
Topological Polar Surface Area:0
Heavy Atom Count:6
Formal Charge:0
Complexity:55.6
Isotope Atom Count:0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Effective Rotor Count:0
Conformer Sampling RMSD:0.4
CID Conformer Count:1
Safety and Handling
- 【Hazard Codes】
- Xn:Harmful
- 【Risk Statements】
- R40;R51/53
- 【Safety Statements 】
- S23;S36/37;S61
- 【HazardClass】
- 6.1
- 【PackingGroup 】
- III
- 【Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations】
- Eye exposure can lead to conjunctivitis; Skin exposure can lead to inflamation; Inhalation can lead to respiratory tract irritation.
Tetrachloroethylene vapor is a mucous membrane & upper resp irritant at levels above 75 to 100 ppm.
- 【Cleanup Methods】
- 1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.
- 【Transport】
- UN 1897
- 【Formulations/Preparations】
- Available in the United States ... in veterinary preparations (eg, Nema Worm Capsules (Parke-Davis)). These capsules contain pure tetrachloroethylene. Avail sizes are 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 & 5 ml.
Tetrachloroethylene is avail in the USA in the following grades: purified, technical, USP, spectrophotometric, & dry-cleaning. The technical & dry-cleaning grades both meet specifications for technical grade & differ only in the amount of stabilizer added to prevent decomposition. Stabilizers ... incl amines or mixtures of epoxides & esters. Typical analysis of the commercial grade is ... nonvolatile residue, 0.0003%; free chlorine, none; moisture, no cloud at -5 deg C ... USP grade contains not less than 99.0% & no more than 99.5% tetrachloroethylene, the remainder consisting of ethanol. ...
Food Grade
/Tetrachloroethylene (BP) may/ ... contain thymol 0.01% wt/wt as a preservative.
Tetrachloroethylene Capsules (USP, BP, 1973)
Tetrachloroethylene Draught (BNF, 1966): tetrachloroethylene 2.5 ml, acacia 2 g, peppermint emulsion 0.3 ml, chloroform water to 50 ml.
Perklone (ICI Mond, UK): a brand of tetrachloroethylene for dry-cleaning purposes.
- 【DOT Emergency Guidelines】
- /GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Small liquid spills: Take up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
/GUIDE 160: HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.
- 【Reactivities and Incompatibilities】
- Granular barium in contact with ... tetrachloroethylene ... is susceptible to detonation.
Reacts with metals to form explosive mixtures; Sodium hydroxide, possible explosion.
Several cases of violent reaction between aluminum and ... tetrachloroethylene in vapor degreasers have been noted.
Strong oxidizers; chemically-active metals such as lithium, beryllium, and barium; caustic soda; sodium hydroxide; potash.
Strong oxidizers; chemically active metals such as lithium, beryllium & barium; caustic soda; sodium hydroxide; potash.
- 【Other Preventative Measures】
- SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.
- 【Protective Equipment and Clothing】
- FOR HIGH VAPOR CONCN USE APPROVED CANISTER OR AIR-SUPPLIED MASK; CHEMICAL GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD; PLASTIC GLOVES.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration. Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
- 【Specification】
-
The Perchloroethylene , with the CAS register number127-18-4, has other names as porklone;tetrochloroethane;tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, 99+%;tetrachloroethylene, 99+%, spectrophoto- metric grade;tetrachloroethylene, reagentplus, 99%;tetrachloroethylene, 99.9+%, hplc grade;tetrachloroethylene, stab.;tetrachloroethene oekanal .
The physical properties of this chemcial are as followings: (1)ACD/LogP:? 2.95? ; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5):? 2.95? ; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4):? 2.95? ; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5):? 102.96? ; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4):? 102.96? ; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5):? 960.03? ; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4):? 960.03? ; (8)Index of Refraction:? 1.519? ; (9)Molar Refractivity:? 30.45 cm3? ; (10)Molar Volume:? 100.3 cm3? ; (11)Polarizability:? 12.07 10-24 cm3? ; (12)Surface Tension:? 35.6 dyne/cm? ; (13)Density:? 1.653 g/cm3? ; (14)Flash Point:? 27.4 °C? ; (15)Enthalpy of Vaporization:? 34.68 kJ/mol? ; (16)Boiling Point:? 119.1 °C at 760 mmHg? ; (17)Vapour Pressure:? 19.3 mmHg at 25°C .
This is a kind of transparent colorless liquid with the similar odour of ethyl ether. And it is soluble in many materials, such as rubber, resin, fat, aluminium choride, etc. Besides, it could mix with ethyl ether, ethanol, chloroform, benzene and so on. What's more, it is stable but incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
Being a kind of harmful chemical, it may cause damage to health which is reflected in some aspects. It is toxic by inhalation and if swallowed or in contact with skin, and may even have very serious irreversible effect. Then it has limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect to our health. It is not only harmful to our health but also to our environment. This is dangerous for the environment? for it? may present an immediate or delayed danger to one or more components of the environment; Then it is toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. What's more, it is highly flammable because it may catch fire in contact with air, only needing brief contact with an ignition source, and it has a very low flash point or evolve highly flammable gases in contact with water.?
So while dealing with this chemical, you should be very careful. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves while contacting. Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) and if in case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). Except these, avoid releasing to the environment and refer to special instructions/safety data sheet; Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking and keep container tightly closed at the same time. If you need more safety information, you could refer to the WGK Germany? 3.
?
Perchloroethylene is widely applied in many ways. It is mainly used in the organic solvents, dry cleaning agent, metal degreasing solvent and it could also be uesed as the vermifuge. Besides, it could be applied in Aliphatics extracting agent, extinguishant, screening smoke, and composing in triclene, fluoro organic chemicals. And its product categories are including Organics;Analytical Chemistry;Standard Solution of Volatile Organic Compounds for Water & Soil Analysis;Standard Solutions (VOC).Additionally, you could convert the following data information into the molecular structure:
SMILES:
Cl/C(Cl)=C(/Cl)Cl
- 【Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient】
- log Kow= 3.40
- 【Report】
-
The Perchloroethylene , with the CAS register number127-18-4, has other names as porklone;tetrochloroethane;tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, 99+%;tetrachloroethylene, 99+%, spectrophoto- metric grade;tetrachloroethylene, reagentplus, 99%;tetrachloroethylene, 99.9+%, hplc grade;tetrachloroethylene, stab.;tetrachloroethene oekanal .
The physical properties of this chemcial are as followings: (1)ACD/LogP:? 2.95? ; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5):? 2.95? ; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4):? 2.95? ; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5):? 102.96? ; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4):? 102.96? ; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5):? 960.03? ; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4):? 960.03? ; (8)Index of Refraction:? 1.519? ; (9)Molar Refractivity:? 30.45 cm3? ; (10)Molar Volume:? 100.3 cm3? ; (11)Polarizability:? 12.07 10-24 cm3? ; (12)Surface Tension:? 35.6 dyne/cm? ; (13)Density:? 1.653 g/cm3? ; (14)Flash Point:? 27.4 °C? ; (15)Enthalpy of Vaporization:? 34.68 kJ/mol? ; (16)Boiling Point:? 119.1 °C at 760 mmHg? ; (17)Vapour Pressure:? 19.3 mmHg at 25°C .
This is a kind of transparent colorless liquid with the similar odour of ethyl ether. And it is soluble in many materials, such as rubber, resin, fat, aluminium choride, etc. Besides, it could mix with ethyl ether, ethanol, chloroform, benzene and so on. What's more, it is stable but incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
Being a kind of harmful chemical, it may cause damage to health which is reflected in some aspects. It is toxic by inhalation and if swallowed or in contact with skin, and may even have very serious irreversible effect. Then it has limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect to our health. It is not only harmful to our health but also to our environment. This is dangerous for the environment? for it? may present an immediate or delayed danger to one or more components of the environment; Then it is toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. What's more, it is highly flammable because it may catch fire in contact with air, only needing brief contact with an ignition source, and it has a very low flash point or evolve highly flammable gases in contact with water.?
So while dealing with this chemical, you should be very careful. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves while contacting. Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) and if in case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). Except these, avoid releasing to the environment and refer to special instructions/safety data sheet; Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking and keep container tightly closed at the same time. If you need more safety information, you could refer to the WGK Germany? 3.
?
Perchloroethylene is widely applied in many ways. It is mainly used in the organic solvents, dry cleaning agent, metal degreasing solvent and it could also be uesed as the vermifuge. Besides, it could be applied in Aliphatics extracting agent, extinguishant, screening smoke, and composing in triclene, fluoro organic chemicals. And its product categories are including Organics;Analytical Chemistry;Standard Solution of Volatile Organic Compounds for Water & Soil Analysis;Standard Solutions (VOC).Additionally, you could convert the following data information into the molecular structure:
SMILES:
Cl/C(Cl)=C(/Cl)Cl
- 【Disposal Methods】
- Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F002; U210, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE MAY BE DISPOSED OF BY ABSORBING IT IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH OR SIMILAR MATERIAL & DISPOSING IN A SECURED SANITARY LANDFILL /SRP: MORE DESIRABLE METHODS OF DISPOSAL ARE AVAILABLE/
... Tower aeration is the most cost-effective technique for removing volatile organic chlorine chemicals from drinking water. /Volatile organic chlorine chemicals/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating, or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols, & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Chemical Treatability of Tetrachloroethylene; Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Halocarbon; Scale of Study: Laboratory scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Well water; Results of Study: Performance for treatment of water containing several halogens. Virgin: 5100 BV to 33 ppb compound leakage; 13.3 days; gal treated/cu ft sorbent, 38,250. Regenerated: 4000 BV to 33 ppb compound leakage; 10.4 days; gal treated/cu ft sorbent, 30.0; (column studies 14 mm diameter glass tubes, height 4 in (15 cu cm absorbent) Flow-2 gpm/cu ft (16 BV/hr) regenerated at 37 lb steam/cu ft @ 5 psig).
Chemical Treatability of Tetrachloroethylene; Concentration Process: Resin Adsorption; Chemical Classification: Halocarbon; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Well Water; Comments: Column studies: 14 mm diameter glass tubes, height 4 in (15 cu cm adsorbent) Flow-2 gpm/cu ft (16 BV/hr) regenerated at 37 lb steam/cu ft @ 5 psig.
A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. Alternatively, it may be recovered from waste gases and reused. Recommendable method: Incineration.
Use and Manufacturing
- 【Use and Manufacturing】
- Methods of Manufacturing
Manufactured by catalytic oxidn of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane: Ellsworth, vancamp, US patent 2,951,103 (1960 to Columbia-Southern Chem); Feathers, Rogerson, US patent 3,040,109 (1962 to Pittsburgh Plate Glass) ... by catalytic chlorination of acetylene: Thermet, Parvi, US patent 2,938,931 (1960 to Societe d'electrochimie, d'electrometallurgie et des acieries electriques d'Ugine).
Prepared primarily by two processes: (1) The Huels method whereby direct chlorination of ethylene yields 70% perchloroethylene, 20% carbon tetrachloride, and 10% other chlorinated products; (2) Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, or propane are simultaneously chlorinated and pyrolyzed to yield over 95% perchloroethylene plus carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid.
Tetrachloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, and 1,1,2-trichloroethane.U.S. Exports
(1978) 2.90X10+10 G
(1983) 2.47X10+10 G
(1985) 9.84X10+9 g
48 million pounds in 1996.U.S. Imports
(1977) 5.98X10+10 G
(1982) 1.70X10+10 G
(1985) 6.36X10+10 g
(1986) 1.83X10+5 LB
61 million pounds in 1996.U.S. Production
(1981) 3.16X10+11 GRAMS
(1976) 121x10+6 lb
(1978) 3.34X10+11 G
(1983) 2.40X10+11 G
(1985) 3.08X10+11 g
(1986) 4.05X10+8 LB
(1987) 4.70X10+8 LB
(1982) 550 million lb
(1974) 333,100 tons; (1976) 303,400 tons; (1978) 333,400 tons; (1980) 347,100 tons; (1982) 265,300 tons; (1984) 260,000 tons; (1986) 187,800 tons; (1988) 225,800 tons; (1989) 218,300 tons; (1990) 132,300 tons.Consumption Patterns
The consumption pattern in the USA in 1974 is est to have been as follows: Textile and dry cleaning industries, 69%; Metal cleaning, 16%; Chemical intermediate (eg, prepn of trichloroacetic acid in some fluorocarbons), 12%; Miscellaneous uses, 3%.
Demand: (1982), 545 million lb; (1983), 679 million lb; (1987), 625 million lb
(1974) Dry cleaning & textile processing, 59%; Industrial metal cleaning, 21%; Exports, 11%; Chemical intermed (mostly fluorocarbons), 6%; Other, 3%.
SOLVENT IN DRY CLEANING, 46%; DEGREASING SOLVENT, 21%; CHEM INTERMED FOR FLUOROCARBONS, 12%; AGENT IN TEXTILE MFR, 7%; COMPONENT OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS, 2%; OTHER, 12% (1980, EST)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Perchloroethylene. Demand: 1988: 495 million lb; 1989: 495 million lb; 1993 /projected/: 495 million lb. (Includes exports, but not imports, which totaled 121 million lb last yr).
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Perchloroethylene. Dry cleaning and textile processing, 50%; chemical intermediate (mostly fluorocarbon F-113), 28%; industrial metal cleaning, 9%; exports, 10%; other, 3%.
Demand: (1996) 280 million pounds; (1997) 290 million pounds; (2001, projected) 335 million pounds
(1998) 312 million pounds; (1999) 318 million pounds; (2003) /projected/ 340 million pounds
Chemical precursor, 50 percent; dry cleaning, 21 percent; metal cleaning and vapor degreasing, 18 percent; other, 11 percent.
- 【Usage】
-
Dry cleaning.
- 【Sampling Procedures】
- Volatile organic compounds pose a challenge to ground-water sampling protocols, since they can be lost as a water sample degasses or lost due to sorption on tubing or pump materials. Laboratory sorption experiments were conducted with 5 common flexible tubing materials to determine the impact of sorptive bias for chloroform, trichloroethylene, trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Tubes made of Teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and silicone rubber were all found to sorb the test compounds in short exposure periods. Virgin tubing materials introduce substantial amounts of leachable organic matter in similar exposures. Tubing made of Teflon showed the least absorption and leaching problems and should be the tubing material of choice for detailed organic sampling purposes. Absorption into the polymer matrix is the likely mechanism for the errors.
Analyte: Tetrachloroethylene; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg); Flow rate: 0.01-0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 0.2 @ 100 ppm, max: 40; Stability: not determined
Biomedical Effects and Toxicity
- 【Pharmacological Action】
- - Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
- Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
- Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
- 【Therapeutic Uses】
- MEDICATION (VET): After the advent of phenothiazine ... little use has been made of the chlorinated hydrocarbons ... /as a ruminant anthelmintic/. Tetrachloroethylene has continued to be used in small animals over the years but has been largely replaced by drugs that are less toxic & easier to admin.
... /IT/ IS USEFUL ONLY AGAINST HOOKWORM INFESTATIONS IN MAN. TREATMENT WITH THIS AGENT IS MORE EFFECTIVE AGAINST NECATOR AMERICANUS THAN AGAINST ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE ... /FORMER USE/
... SINGLE DOSE /ORAL/ OF 0.12 ML/KG ... MAX OF 5 ML. ... DIET BEFORE ADMIN ... SHOULD BE LOW IN FAT & PT SHOULD EAT ONLY LIGHT MEAL PREVIOUS EVENING. NEXT MORNING ... /DRUG/ INGESTED ON EMPTY STOMACH ... SINGLE TREATMENT ... GENERALLY REMOVE ... WORMS, BUT TWO OR MORE TREATMENTS @ 4-DAY INTERVALS ... TO CLEAR INFESTATION. /FORMER USE/
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, USP ... AVAILABLE IN SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES CONTAINING 0.2, 1.0, OR 2.5 ML OF DRUG. IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN DRUG IN CAPSULE FORM FOR HUMAN USE. /FORMER USE/
- 【Biomedical Effects and Toxicity】
- ... READILY ABSORBED THROUGH THE LUNG AND TO A MUCH SMALLER DEGREE THROUGH SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANES OR FOLLOWING INGESTION.
METABOLISM ... IS RELATIVELY SLOW WITH ONLY FEW PERCENT OF DOSE BEING EXCRETED AS METABOLITES, MAJOR ONE BEING TRICHLOROACETIC ACID ...
(36)CL-TETRACHLOROETHYLENE FED TO RATS IS EXCRETED LARGELY UNCHANGED IN EXPIRED AIR (98% OF DOSE IN 2 DAYS), AND IS METABOLIZED, TO ONLY SLIGHT EXTENT, INTO TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (2%) WHICH IS EXCRETED IN URINE.
Concn curves of perchloroethylene in blood and exhaled air after exposure showed that it was eliminated from the body at three different rates with corresponding half-life.
Personal monitoring of exposure to tetrachloroethylene ... and analyses of urine for total trichloro-compounds were carried out in two groups of workers ... one group (20 males and 19 females) in dry-cleaning workshops and the other (16 males and 6 females) engaged in the removal of glue from silk cloth. Comparison of the urinary trichloro-compounds levels with tetrachloroethylene in the environment revealed that, while the metabolite levels increased essentially linear to tetrachloroethylene concn up to 100 ppm, leveling off was apparent in the metabolite excretion when the exposure to tetrachloroethylene was more intense (eg more than 100 ppm), indicating that the capacity of humans to metabolize tetrachloroethylene is rather limited. A tentative calculation ... indicated that, at the end of an 8 hr shift with exposure to tetrachloroethylene at 50 ppm (TWA), 38% of the tetrachloroethylene absorbed through the lung would be exhaled unchanged and less than 2% would be metabolized to be excreted into the urine, while the rest would remain in the body to be eliminated later. [Ohtsuki T et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 51: 381-90 (1983)] PubMed Abstract
Tetrachloroethylene was still detectable in the breath of rats 16 hr after a single exposure to levels of 339-3390 mg/cu m for 1-40 hr.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to (14)C-tetrachloroethylene by either gavage (1.0 mg/kg) or inhalation (10 ppm, 10.4 mg/kg) excreted 70% of the dose unchanged in expired air. Approximately 3% was excreted as carbon dioxide, and approximately 23% was excreted in the urine and feces as nonvolatile metabolites.
Once in the bloodstream, tetrachloroethylene tends to distribute to body fat. In human tissue at autopsy, ratios of fat to liver concentrations are greater than 6:1
An autopsy after a fatal tetrachloroethylene exposure revealed an 8 times greater concn in brain compared with blood ...
Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is eliminated primarily via the lung. The respiratory half-life for PCE elimination has been estimated at 65 to 70 hours.
Tetrachloroethylene reached near steady-state levels in blood of human volunteers with two hours of continuous exposure.
Absorption of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) through the skin by immersing the thumbs of volunteers in PCE for 40 minutes and measuring the PCE in the exhaled air. High concentrations of PCE in exhaled breath (160 to 260 ug/cu m) were measurable five hours after exposure.
Tetrachloroethylene excretion in breast milk has been associated with obstructive jaundice in newborn infants.
Nine unrelated groups (659 males) working in plastic boat, chemical, plastic button, paint, and shoe factories were studied. Urine samples were collected at the beginning of the workshift and at the end of the first half of the shift. A close relationship (correlation coefficient always above 0.85) between the average environmental solvent concentration (mg/cu m) measured in the breathing zone and the urinary concentration of unchanged solvent (ug/L) was observed. The authors recommended a biological equivalent exposure limit of 101 ug/L. biological exposure data for urine collected over 4 hr during random sampling for at least 1 yr could be used to evaluate long-term exposure and probability of non-compliance for individual or groups of workers. [Ghittori S et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48 (9): 786-90 (1987)] PubMed Abstract
Objective: The present study was initiated to examine a quantitative relationship between tetrachloroethene (TETRA) in blood & urine with TETRA in air, & to compare TETRA in blood or urine with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine as exposure markers. Methods: In total, 44 workers (exposed to TETRA during automated, continuous cloth-degreasing operations), & ten non-exposed subjects volunteered to participate in the study. The exposure to vapor was monitored by diffusive sampling. The amounts of TETRA & TCA in end-of-shift blood & urine samples were measured by either head-space gas chromatography (HS-GC) or automated methylation followed by HS-GC. The correlation was examined by regression analysis. Results: The maximum time-weighted average (TWA) concn for TETRA-exposure was 46 ppm. Regression analysis for correlation of TETRA in blood, TETRA in urine & TCA in urine, with TETRA in air, showed that the coefficient was largest for the correlation between TETRA in air & TETRA in blood. The TETRA in blood, in urine & in air correlated mutually, whereas TCA in urine correlated more closely with TETRA in blood than with TETRA in urine. ... The biological marker levels at a hypothetical exposure of 25 ppm TETRA were substantially higher in the present study than were the levels reported in the literature. ... Conclusions: Blood TETRA is the best marker of occupational exposure to TETRA, being superior to the traditional marker, urinary TCA.
In vitro dermal absorption was measured for 3 volatile organic cmpds in dilute aqueous soln through freshly prepared & previously frozen human skin. The permeability coefficients at 26 deg C for chloroform (0.14 cm/h) & trichloroethylene (0.12 cm/h) were similar but much larger than that for tetrachloroethylene (0.018 cm/h). Storage of the skin at -20 deg C did not significantly affect the penetration of these chemicals. The dermal absorption of chloroform through freshly prepared human skin was not changed significantly by pretreatment of the skin with commonly used consumer products (moisturizer, baby oil, insect repellent, sunscreen); however, the permeability coefficient was found to incr from 0.071 cm/h at 11 deg C to 0.19 cm/h at 50 deg C. These data suggest that exposure estimates for chloroform & other contaminants in water should consider the appropriate exposure scenario to properly assess the dermal dose.
During hyperventilation therapy, the relative contribution to the fast elimination process increased from 70% for physiological minute volume to 99.9%. A minor fraction of the ingested dose was excreted with the urine (integral of 1% during the first 3 days). In contrast to previous results, trace amounts of unchanged tetrachloroethylene were detected in the urine besides trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol. [K'oppel C et al; J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 23 (2-3): 103-15 (1985)] PubMed Abstract
Environmental Fate and Exposure Potential
- 【Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary】
- TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 200-237(2-4), indicates that tetrachloroethylene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of tetrachloroethylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole(5). Tetrachloroethylene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C(6). Volatilization half-lives in the range of 1.2-5.4 hrs were measured for tetrachloroethylene from a sandy loam soil surface and volatilization half-lives of 1.9-5.2 hrs were measured from an organic topsoil(7). Tetrachloroethylene, reached 11% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting biodegradation will be slow under aerobic conditions(SRC). Biodegradation under anaerobic conditions occurs slowly with acclimated microorganisms(9,10).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values in the range of 200-237(2-4) indicate that tetrachloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0177 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values in the range of 26-77 measured in fish(8-10), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). The biodegradation half-lives of tetrachloroethylene in aerobic and anaerobic waters were reported as 180 and 98 days, respectively(11). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process for tetrachloroethylene based on a hydrolysis half-life of 9 months in purified, de-ionized water(12). Tetrachloroethylene may undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters when photosensitizers such as humic acids are present(13). This process is only expected to be important in sunlit surface waters containing humic material.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetrachloroethylene, which has a vapor pressure of 18.5 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetrachloroethylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 96 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.67X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(3). Tetrachloroethylene may also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone, but the rate of this reaction is too slow to be environmentally important(4). Direct photolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound only absorbs light weakly in the environmental UV spectrum(5).
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