3D Mol Similar

Nickel

: Iupac Name：nickel; CAS No.: 7440-02-0; Molecular Weight：58.693; Modify Date.: 2022-11-16 18:45; Introduction: Nickel is a hard, silvery white, malleable metal chunk or grey powder. Nickel powder is pyrophoric – can ignite spontaneously. It may react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, and hydrazoic acid. It is incompatible with acids, oxidising agents, and sulphur. The industrially important nickel compounds are nickel oxide (NiO), nickel acetate (Ni(C2H3O2), nickel carbonate (NiCO3), nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), nickel subsulphide (NiS2), nickelocene (C5H5)2Ni, and nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4 · 6H2O). View more+

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1. Names and Identifiers

: 1.1 Name; Nickel; 1.2 Synonyms; ACTIMET 8040P ACTIMET C Aluminium - nickel (1:1) Aluminum - nickel (1:1) Argent - nickel (1: EINECS 231-853-9 MFCD00003414 Ni 270 Ni 4303T NI-5249P Nichel Nickel - silver (1: Nickel -silber (1:1) Nickel tubing, OD: 1.59mm (0.0626 in.) ID: 0.51mm (0.02 in.) Nickel wire, 0.01mm (0.0004 in.) dia., Hard, Temper: as drawn Nickel wire, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) dia., Annealed Nickel, Hard Nickel, p.a. Nickel--silver (1/1) NP 2 raney ni RCH 55/5 Silver Nitrate Solution, 0.25N; View all

1.3 CAS No.: 7440-02-0

1.4 CID: 935

1.5 EINECS(EC#): 231-111-4

1.6 Inchi: InChI=1S/Ni

1.7 InChIkey: PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.8 Canonical Smiles: [Ni]

1.9 Isomers Smiles: [Ni]

2. Properties

2.1 Density: 6.97

2.1 Melting point: 1453℃

2.1 Boiling point: 2831° F (NIOSH, 2016)

2.2 Precise Quality: 57.93530

2.2 PSA: 0.00000

2.2 logP: 0.00000

2.2 VaporDensity: 5.8 (vs air)

2.3 Appearance: silver white, hard, malleable metal chunks or grey powder

2.4 Storage: Ambient temperatures.

2.5 Carcinogenicity: Metallic nickel is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

2.6 Chemical Properties: silver white, hard, malleable metal chunks or grey powder

2.7 Color/Form: SILVERY METAL
Metal: Lustrous, silvery solid.
Lustrous, white, hard, ferromagnetic metal; face centered cubic crystals
Silvery, malleable, magnetic metal

2.8 Corrosivity: Excellent resistance to corrosion

2.9 Decomposition: Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released ... in the decomp of nickel; cmpd. /Nickel; & sol nickel; cmpd/

2.10 Odor: Odorless

2.11 PH: 8.5-12.0

2.12 Physical: METAL CATALYST, WETTED is an extremely fine gray powder mixed with water;. Insoluble in water; and does not react with larger volumes of water;.

2.13 Water Solubility: INSOL IN WATER, AMMONIA; SOL IN DIL NITRIC ACID; SLIGHTLY SOL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFURIC ACID

2.14 Stability: Stable in massive form. Powder is pyrophoric - can ignite spontaneously. May react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, hydrazoic acid. Incompatible with acids, oxidizing agents, sulfur.

2.15 StorageTemp: no restrictions.

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 General Description: Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.

3.2 GHS Classification: Signal: Danger
GHS Hazard Statements
H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]
H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]
H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Precautionary Statement Codes
P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P281, P302+P352, P308+P313, P314, P321, P333+P313, P363, P405, and P501

3.3 History: Nickel was isolated first and recognized as an element by Cronstedt in 1751. The metal was derived in pure form by Richter in 1804. The metal takes its name from two German words ‘Nickel’ and ‘kupfernickel’, which mean Old Nick’s (or Satan) and Old Nick’s copper, respectively.The abundance of nickel in the earth’s crust is only 84 mg/kg, the 24th most abundant element. It is found in most meteorites, particularly in the iron meteorites or siderites, alloyed with iron. Its average concentration in seawater is 0.56 μg/mL. Nickel is one of the major components of the earth’s core, comprising about 7%.The most common nickel ores are pentlandite, (Ni,Fe)9S16, limonite, (Fe,Ni)O(OH)•nH2O, and garnierite, (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8. Other ores that are of rare occurrence are the sulfide ores, millerite, NiS, polydymite Ni3S4 and siegenite, (Co,Ni)3S4; the arsenide ores niccolite, NiAs, gersdorffite, NiAsS, and annabergite, Ni3As2O8•8H2O; and the antimonide ore, NiSb.; View all

3.4 Methods of Manufacturing: ... high purity nickel;: Wise, Schaefer, Metals Alloys 16, 424 (1924); from nickel oxide; and hydrogen; gas: Glemser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry Vol 2, G Brauer, ed (Academic Press, NY, 2nd ed, 1965) pp 1543-1544; by electrolysis: Vu Quang Kinh, Nardin Compt Rend Ser c266, 307 (1968).

3.5 Shipping: UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., HazardClass: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material,Technical Name Required.

3.6 Usage: The most important applications of nickel metal involve its use in numerous alloys. Such alloys are used to construct various equipment, reaction vessels, plumbing parts, missile, and aerospace components. Such nickel-based alloys include Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, Nichrome, Duranickel, Udinet, Incoloy and many other alloys under various other trade names. The metal itself has some major uses. Nickel anodes are used for nickel plating of many base metals to enhance their resistance to corrosion. Nickel-plated metals are used in various equipment, machine parts, printing plates, and many household items such as scissors, keys, clips, pins, and decorative pieces. Nickel powder is used as porous electrodes in storage batteries and fuel cells.Another major industrial use of nickel is in catalysis. Nickel and raney nickel are used in catalytic hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of organic compounds including olefins, fats, and oils.

3.7 Waste Disposal: Nickel compoundsencapsulationfollowed by disposal in a chemical wastelandfill. However, nickel from various industrial wastesmay also be recovered and recycled as described in theliterature. Nickel Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Symbol: GHS07, GHS08

4.1 Hazard Codes: Xn

4.1 Signal Word: Danger

4.1 Risk Statements: R17;R40;R43

4.1 Safety Statements: S24;S36/37;S45

4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations: Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

4.2 Packing Group: II

4.2 Fire Hazard: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.

4.3 Other Preventative Measures: SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.; View all

4.4 Hazard Class: 4.1

4.4 Hazard Declaration: H317-H351-H372-H412

4.4 Cleanup Methods: PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms. ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly. ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/; View all

4.5 DisposalMethods: SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.The most efficient type ... is probably the gas fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Precipitation is the preferred treatment process for removing toxic heavy metals from electroplating waters. Precipitation processes include hydroxide, lime and/or sulfide treatment. Chemical reduction is used to treat complex metals such as nickel, copper, hexavalent chromium waste, soluble lead, silver, metal containing cyanide, and mercury. Adsorption has shown potential for treating and polishing aqueous metal bearing wastes. Activated carbon, activated alumina, and iron filings are all applicable adsorbents. Alkaline chlorination and incineration are effective cyanide destruction treatments. Evaporation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and electrolytic recovery are waste reduction and recovery techniques applicable to metal bearing hazardous streams.; View all

4.6 DOT Emergency Guidelines: /GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Health: Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Stay upwind. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Keep out of low areas. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Fire: DO NOT USE WATER, CO2 OR FOAM ON MATERIAL ITSELF. Some of these materials may react violently with water. ... Small fires: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or dry sand. ... Large fires: DRY sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime, ... or withdraw from area and let fire burn. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Spill or Leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leak with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Small spills: ... Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. /Nickel catalyst, dry/
/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Nickel catalyst, dry/; View all

4.7 RIDADR: UN 1378/2881

4.7 Fire Fighting Procedures: Flood with water. Use dry chemical, graphite, or dry earth. /Nickel catalyst, wet/

4.8 Safety Profile: Confirmed carcinogenwith experimental carcinogenic,neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poisonby ingestion, intratracheal, intraperitoneal,subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Anexperimental teratogen. Ingestion of solublesalts causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.Mutation data reported. Hypersensitivity tonickel is common and can cause allergiccontact dermatitis, pulmonary asthma,conjunctivitis, and inflammatory reactionsaround nickel-containing medcal implantsand prostheses. Powders may ignitespontaneously in air. Reacts violently withF2, NH4NO3, hydrazine, NH3, (H2 +dioxane), performic acid, P, Se, S, (Ti +KCLO3). Incompatible with oxidants (e.g.,bromine pentafluoride, peroxyformic acid,potassium perchlorate, chlorine, nitrylfluoride, ammonium nitrate), Raney-nickelcatalysts may initiate hazardous reactionswith ethylene + aluminum chloride, pdioxane,hydrogen, hydrogen + oxygen,magnesium silicate, methanol, organicsolvents + heat, sulfur compounds. Nickelcatalysts have caused many industrialaccidents.; View all

4.9 Caution Statement: P273-P280-P314-P333 + P313

4.9 Formulations/Preparations: Grades: electrolytic; ingot; pellets; shot; sponge; powder; high purity strip; single crystals (wire 2x0.05-0.005 in)
Ferronickel has a nickel content of 24-48%. Also available are electrolytic cathode sheets and pellets produced by the decomposition of nickel carbonyl.
Pellets (99.99%), spherical powder, spray powder, nickel flour; high density grade for electronics; nickel flour for shielding coatings, HP pellets for vacuum and chemical work, spherical powder for spray work.
Commercial nickel metal is more than 99.5% pure and may be in the form of square plates, powder, briquets, pellets, ingots, disks, or shot.

4.10 Incompatibilities: Nickel dust is a spontaneously flammablesolid and a dangerous fire hazard.

4.11 WGK Germany: 3

4.11 RTECS: VW4725000

4.11 Protective Equipment and Clothing: ENGINEERING CONTROLS & PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ARE NEEDED TO ENSURE SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS.
Use goggles, barrier shields, and other devices as necessary for personal protection; use polyvinyl chloride, not rubber, for gloves.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection: Condition: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure-mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection: Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Respirator selection: Upper limit devices recommended by NIOSH: > at any detectable concn: any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; escape: any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter; any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus /Nickel, metal & sol compounds (as Ni)/
Respiratory protection for dust, mist, or fume of nickel metal and soluble compounds is as follows: 10 mg/cu m or less: any fume respirator, high efficiency particulate respirator, supplied air respirator, or any self-contained breathing apparatus; 50 mg/cu m or less: a high efficiency particulate filter respirator with a full facepiece, any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet or hood or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; 1000 mg/cu m or less: a powered air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency filter or a type-C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand, positive pressure or continous flow mode; 2000 mg/cu m or less: a type-C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or with full facepiece, helmet, or hood operated in a continuous-flow mode; > 2000 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concn: a self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode or a combination respirator which includes a type-C supplied-air respirator. /Nickel metal and soluble compounds, dust, mist, or fume/
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. ... Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with powdered nickel or solid or liquids containing sol nickel cmpd. /Nickel metal and sol nickel cmpd/; View all

4.12 Reactivities and Incompatibilities: MIXTURES CONTAINING POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE WITH NICKEL & TITANIUM POWDERS & INFUSORIAL EARTH GAVE SEVERE EXPLOSIONS DURING A FRICTION TEST.
SPARKS--LESS THAN THOSE AVAILABLE FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY ON THE HUMAN BODY--CAN IGNITE THE MIXTURE /CONTAINING POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE WITH NICKEL & TITANIUM POWDERS & INFUSORIAL EARTH/.
Upon heating, a mixture of powdered nickel and sulfur or selenium will react incandescently.
If nickel powder comes into contact with bromine pentafluoride at ambient or slightly elevated temperatures, ignition will probably occur.
Adding 2-3 drops of approximately 90% peroxyformic acid to powdered nickel will result in an explosion.
A mixture of nickel and nitryl fluoride will become incandescent if slightly warmed.
Powdered nickel reacts explosively upon contact with fused ammonium nitrate at temperatures below 200 deg C.
Strong acids, sulfur, selenium, wood & other combustibles, nickel nitrate.
Incompatibilities: Aluminum, aluminum trichloride, ethylene, p-dioxan, hydrogen, methanol, non-metals, oxidants, sulfur cmpd.
Reacts vigorously or explosively with aniline, hydrogen sulfide , flammable solvents, hydrazine, and metal powders (especially zinc, aluminum, and magnesium). /Nickel/; View all

4.13 Report: NTP 10th Report on Carcinogens. IARC Cancer Review: Group 1 IMEMDT ?? IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 ,1987,p. 264.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.:?) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT ?? IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 11 ,1976,p. 75.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.:?) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT ?? IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 2 ,1973,p. 126.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.:?) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . Community Right-To-Know List. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.; View all

4.14 Safety: R17:Spontaneouslyflammableinair.;R40:Possiblerisksofirreversibleeffects.;R43:Maycausesensitizationbyskincontact.;

4.15 Specification

The Nickel, with the cas registry number 7440-02-0, has the systematic name of nickel(2+). For being a kind of silver white, hard, malleable metal chunks or grey powder, it is stable in massive form and may react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, hydrazoic acid. Besides, it is incompatible with acids, oxidizing agents, sulfur.

The characteristics of this chemical are as follows: (1)#H bond acceptors: 0; (2)#H bond donors: 0; (3)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 0; (4)Polar Surface Area: 0; (5)Exact Mass: 57.935348; (6)MonoIsotopic Mass: 57.935348; (7)Heavy Atom Count: 1; (8)Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1.

As to its usage, it is used widely to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and a component in Nichrome(R), and is also used as the burglar-proof vaultsPermalloy(R)?and constantan. Besides, it is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys, such as Inconel(R),Invar(R),and the Hastelloys(R).

When you are dealing with this chemical, you should be very cautious. For one thing, it is irritant which may cause inflammation to the skin or other mucous membranes and may cause sensitization by skin contact. For another thing, it is harmful which may cause damage to health and may have limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. In addition, it is corrosive which may destroy living tissue on contact and it may causes burns. Beside all these, it is highly flammable which may catch fire in contact with air, only needing brief contact with an ignition source, and it has a very low flash point or evolve highly flammable gases in contact with water. Then for being very toxic to aquatic organisms, it may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

Therefore, you should take different measures to deal with different cases. First important thing is to wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. And if in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice and if in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) When comes to its storage, keep it away from sources of ignition and heat. Then remember that this material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. What's more, avoid releasing to the environment and you could also refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.

In addition, you could convert the following datas into the molecular structure:
(1)Canonical SMILES: [Ni]
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/Ni
(3)InChIKey: PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N?

Below are the toxicity information of this chemical:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
cat	LDLo	subcutaneous	12500ug/kg (12.5mg/kg)	?	National Technical Information Service. Vol. PB158-508,
guinea pig	LDLo	oral	5mg/kg (5mg/kg)	?	Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 22, Pg. 455, 1980.
mouse	LDLo	intravenous	50mg/kg (50mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) BEHAVIORAL: FLUID INTAKE KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: PROTEINURIS	Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya Vol. 23, Pg. 549, 1960. ?
rabbit	LDLo	intraperitoneal	7mg/kg (7mg/kg)	?	National Technical Information Service. Vol. PB158-508,
rabbit	LDLo	subcutaneous	7500ug/kg (7.5mg/kg)	?	National Technical Information Service. Vol. PB158-508,
rat	LD50	intraperitoneal	250mg/kg (250mg/kg)	VASCULAR: REGIONAL OR GENERAL ARTERIOLAR OR VENOUS DILATION LIVER: OTHER CHANGES BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES	Industrial Medicine. Vol. 15, Pg. 482, 1946.
rat	LDLo	intratracheal	12mg/kg (12mg/kg)	?	National Technical Information Service. Vol. AEC-TR-6710,
rat	LDLo	oral	5gm/kg (5000mg/kg)	?	Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Papers. Vol. 7684D, Pg. 1983,

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5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

no data available

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)	no data available
Signal word	no data available
Hazard statement(s)	no data available
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	no data available
Response	no data available
Storage	no data available
Disposal	no data available

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

no data available

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6. Synthesis Route

7440-02-0Total: 177 Synthesis Route

547-67-1 20 Suppliers

7440-02-0 255 Suppliers

Literatures:
Brokhin, I. S.; Bursuk, L. M. Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, 1950 , vol. 16, p. 1331 - 1335 Full Text Show Details Gmelin Handbook: Ni: MVol.AI, 10.2, page 609 - 616
Yield: null

373-02-4 69 Suppliers

7440-02-0 255 Suppliers

Literatures:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Patent: US6670515 B1, 2003 ; Location in patent: Page column 6 ;
Yield: null

547-67-1 20 Suppliers

124-38-9 151 Suppliers

7440-02-0 255 Suppliers

Literatures:
Gmelin Handbook: Ni: MVol.AI, 10.3, page 616 - 621 Full Text Show Details David, R. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 1960 , p. 719 - 736
Yield: null

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7. Precursor and Product

precursor:

3264-82-2

3349-06-2

6018-89-9

1333-74-0

1295-35-8

547-67-1

373-02-4

1271-28-9

1313-99-1

product :

553-71-9

3349-06-2

6018-89-9

700-16-3

450-91-9

14267-17-5

5333-42-6

373-02-4

13927-77-0

201230-82-2

1313-99-1

14221-00-2

15133-82-1

6059-24-1

14055-02-8

13845-06-2

99685-96-8

28069-69-4

1271-28-9

68-94-0

15521-65-0

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8. Other Information

8.0 Uses: The most important applications of nickel metal involve its use in numerous alloys. Such alloys are used to construct various equipment, reaction vessels, plumbing parts, missile, and aerospace components. Such nickel-based alloys include Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, Nichrome, Duranickel, Udinet, Incoloy and many other alloys under various other trade names. The metal itself has some major uses. Nickel anodes are used for nickel plating of many base metals to enhance their resistance to corrosion. Nickel-plated metals are used in various equipment, machine parts, printing plates, and many household items such as scissors, keys, clips, pins, and decorative pieces. Nickel powder is used as porous electrodes in storage batteries and fuel cells.
Another major industrial use of nickel is in catalysis. Nickel and raney nickel are used in catalytic hydrogenation or dehydrogenation of organic compounds including olefins, fats, and oils.

8.1 Production: Nickel usually is recovered from its sulfide ore, pentlandite (Ni,Fe)9S16. Although laterite type oxide ores sometimes are used as starting materials, pentlandite is used in many commercial operations. Pentlandite often is found in nature associated with other sulfide minerals, such as pyrrhotite, Fe7S8,and chalcopyrite, CuFeS2.
The ores are crushed and powdered. Sulfides are separated from gangue by froth flotation or magnetic separation processes. After this, the ore is subjected to roasting and smelting. These steps are carried out initially in rotary kilns or multihearth furnaces and then smelting is done in either blast furnaces or reverberatory, or arc furnaces. Most sulfur is removed as sulfur dioxide. Iron and other oxides produced in roasting are also removed along with siliceous slag during smelting. A matte obtained after smelting usually contains impure nickel-iron-copper sulfides and sulfur. The molten matte is treated with silica and an air blower in a converter in the Bessemerizing stage to remove all remaining iron and sulfur.
Copper-nickel matte obtained in this stage is allowed to cool slowly over a few days to separate mineral crystals of copper sulfide, nickel sulfide and nickel-copper alloy. The cool matte is pulverized to isolate sulfides of nickel and copper by froth flotation. Nickel-copper alloy is extracted by magnetic separation. Nickel metal is obtained from the nickel sulfide by electrolysis using crude nickel sulfide cast into anodes and nickel-plated stainless steel cathodes.
Alternatively, nickel sulfide is roasted to nickel oxide, which then is reduced to crude nickel and is electrorefined as above.
Two other refining processes are also frequently employed. One involves hydrometallurgical refining in which sulfide concentrates are leached with ammonia solution to convert the copper, nickel, and cobalt sulfides into their complex amines. Copper is precipitated from this solution upon heating. Under such conditions, the sulfide-amine mixture of nickel and cobalt are oxidized to their sulfates. The sulfates then are reduced to metallic nickel and cobalt by heating with hydrogen at elevated temperatures under pressure. The metals are obtained in their powder form.
The more common carbonyl refining process involves reaction of crude nickel with carbon monoxide under pressure at 100°C to form nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. The liquid tetracarbonyl upon heating at 300°C decomposes to nickel metal and carbon monoxide. Very pure nickel can be obtained by the carbonyl refining processes, as no other metal forms a similar carbonyl under these conditions.; View all

8.2 Reactions: At ordinary temperatures, bulk nickel in compact form has no perceptible reactivity with air or water. However, in finely-divided state, the metal reacts readily and can be pyrophoric under certain conditions. When heated in air at 400°C or with steam, nickel converts to its oxide, NiO.
When heated with bromine vapors or chlorine gas, nickel catches fire forming nickel bromide, NiBr2, and yellow nickel chloride, NiCl2, respectively. Finely divided nickel combines with carbon monoxide to form zero valent nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. The reaction occurs at 50°C and one atmosphere, although it is usually carried out at 200°C under high CO pressure between 100 to 400 atm for high yield of carbonyl, and to prevent product decomposition. Carbon monoxide at ordinary pressure may be passed over freshly reduced metal to form the tetracarbonyl.
Finely divided nickel absorbs a large volume of hydrogen at high temperatures. Even at ordinary temperatures, considerable occlusion of hydrogen occurs on to the metal surface and no definite composition of any hydride formed is known. The metal activates molecular hydrogen to its atomic state, contributing to its catalytic action in hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.
Dilute mineral acids attack nickel to a varying extent. The metal dissolves readily in dilute nitric acid. Evaporation of the solution forms emerald green crystals of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, Ni(NO3)2?6H2O.
Actions of dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acid on nickel are relatively slow: slower than on iron. Concentrated nitric acid passivates the metal, oxidizing it and forming a protective film on its surface which prevents any further reaction.
Nickel is stable in caustic alkalies. At moderate temperatures, it decomposes gaseous ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen. Nickel combines with sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, arsenic, antimony, and aluminum at elevated temperatures. Fusion of nickel powder with molten sulfur yields nickel sulfide, NiS. Reaction with aluminum can be explosive at 1,300°C, forming nickelaluminum intermetallic products of varying compositions.
Nickel powder combines with carbon dioxide in ammonia solution forming nickel carbonate. Boiling the solution to expel ammonia precipitates pure carbonate, NiCO3.
Fine nickel powder reacts with sulfamic acid in hot aqueous solution under controlled conditions, forming nickel sulfamate tetrahydrate, Ni(SO3NH2)2?4H2O, used in electroplating baths.; View all

8.3 Description: Nickel is a hard, silvery white, malleable metal chunk or grey powder. Nickel powder is pyrophoric – can ignite spontaneously. It may react violently with titanium, ammonium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, and hydrazoic acid. It is incompatible with acids, oxidising agents, and sulphur. The industrially important nickel compounds are nickel oxide (NiO), nickel acetate (Ni(C2H3O2), nickel carbonate (NiCO3), nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), nickel subsulphide (NiS2), nickelocene (C5H5)2Ni, and nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4 · 6H2O). Nickel compounds have been well established as human carcinogens. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis have revealed that not all nickel compounds are equally carcinogenic: certain water-insoluble nickel compounds exhibit potent carcinogenic activity, whereas highly water-soluble nickel compounds exhibit less potency. The reason for the high carcinogenic activity of certain water-insoluble nickel compounds relates to their bioavailability and the ability of the nickel ions to enter cells and reach chromatin. The water-insoluble nickel compounds enter cells quite efficiently via phagocytic processes and subsequent intracellular dissolution. Nickel is classified as a borderline metal ion because it has both soft and hard metal properties and it can bind to sulphur, nitrogen, and oxygen groups. Nickel ions are very similar in structure and coordination properties to magnesium.; View all

8.4 Chemical Properties: silver white, hard, malleable metal chunks or grey powder

8.5 Definition: ChEBI: Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.

8.6 Uses: Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.

8.7 Merck: 14,8107

8.8 Reactions: At ordinary temperatures, bulk nickel in compact form has no perceptible reactivity with air or water. However, in finely-divided state, the metal reacts readily and can be pyrophoric under certain conditions. When heated in air at 400°C or with steam, nickel converts to its oxide, NiO.
When heated with bromine vapors or chlorine gas, nickel catches fire forming nickel bromide, NiBr2, and yellow nickel chloride, NiCl2, respectively. Finely divided nickel combines with carbon monoxide to form zero valent nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. The reaction occurs at 50°C and one atmosphere, although it is usually carried out at 200°C under high CO pressure between 100 to 400 atm for high yield of carbonyl, and to prevent product decomposition. Carbon monoxide at ordinary pressure may be passed over freshly reduced metal to form the tetracarbonyl.
Finely divided nickel absorbs a large volume of hydrogen at high temperatures. Even at ordinary temperatures, considerable occlusion of hydrogen occurs on to the metal surface and no definite composition of any hydride formed is known. The metal activates molecular hydrogen to its atomic state, contributing to its catalytic action in hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds.
Dilute mineral acids attack nickel to a varying extent. The metal dissolves readily in dilute nitric acid. Evaporation of the solution forms emerald green crystals of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, Ni(NO3)2?6H2O.
Actions of dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acid on nickel are relatively slow: slower than on iron. Concentrated nitric acid passivates the metal, oxidizing it and forming a protective film on its surface which prevents any further reaction.
Nickel is stable in caustic alkalies. At moderate temperatures, it decomposes gaseous ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen. Nickel combines with sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, arsenic, antimony, and aluminum at elevated temperatures. Fusion of nickel powder with molten sulfur yields nickel sulfide, NiS. Reaction with aluminum can be explosive at 1,300°C, forming nickelaluminum intermetallic products of varying compositions.
Nickel powder combines with carbon dioxide in ammonia solution forming nickel carbonate. Boiling the solution to expel ammonia precipitates pure carbonate, NiCO3.
Fine nickel powder reacts with sulfamic acid in hot aqueous solution under controlled conditions, forming nickel sulfamate tetrahydrate, Ni(SO3NH2)2?4H2O, used in electroplating baths.; View all

8.9 Chemical Properties: Nickel metal is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.

8.10 Uses: Nickel is used in various alloys, such asGerman silver, Monel, and nickel–chrome;for coins; in storage batteries; in spark plugs;and as a hydrogenation catalyst.

8.11 Definition: A transition metal that occurs naturally as the sulfide and silicate. It is extracted by the Mond process, which involves reduction of nickel oxide using carbon monoxide followed by the formation and subsequent decomposition of volatile nickel carbonyl. Nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes, e.g. margarine manufacture, and in coinage alloys. Its main oxidation state is +2 and these compounds are usually green. Symbol: Ni; m.p. 1453°C; b.p. 2732°C; r.d. 8.902 (25°C); p.n. 28; r.a.m. 58.6934.

8.12 Definition: nickel: Symbol Ni. A malleable ductilesilvery metallic transition element;a.n. 28; r.a.m. 58.70; r.d. 8.9;m.p. 1450°C; b.p. 2732°C. It is foundin the minerals pentlandite (NiS),pyrrhoite ((Fe,Ni)S), and garnierite((Ni,Mg)₆(OH)₆Si₄O₁₁.H₂O). Nickel isalso present in certain iron meteorites(up to 20%). The metal isextracted by roasting the ore to givethe oxide, followed by reductionwith carbon monoxide and purificationby the Mond process. Alternativelyelectolysis is used. Nickel metalis used in special steels, in Invar, and,being ferromagnetic, in magnetic alloys,such as Mumetal. It is also aneffective catalyst, particularly for hydrogenation reactions (see also raneynickel). The main compounds areformed with nickel in the +2 oxidationstate; the +3 state also exists (e.g.the black oxide, Ni₂O₃). Nickel wasdiscovered by Axel Cronstedt(1722–65) in 1751.

8.13 Agricultural Uses: Nickel (Ni) is a silver-white, ductile, malleable, yet tough metallic element of Group 10 (formerly Group VIII) of the Periodic Table. Mostly, nickel goes into the making of steel and other corrosion resistant alloys. Finely divided nickel is used as a hydrogenation catalyst. Nickel is a beneficial trace element for plants.
Its presence in the urease enzyme underlines its importance as a functional element. It is essential for grain viability, in barley and at concentrations less than 100 μg/kg, the grain level and the germination frequency decrease progressively. The quantity of Ni in a few fertilizers is as given: 2 ppm in nitrochalk, 13 ppm in superphosphate and 10 ppm in FYM.
Nickel is the metal component of urease that hydrolyzes urea to give ammonia and carbon dioxide. Compounds that react with nickel in the urease molecule inhibit the hydrolysis of urea.
Nickel enhances the nodule weight and the seed yield of soybeans, chickpeas and temperate cereals. It is present in plants in the range of 0.1 to 1O ppm of the dry weight.
High levels of Ni may induce Zn or Fe deficiency because of cation competition, and may create nickel toxicity. The browning and necrosis of the leaf tips and margins are the toxicity symptoms on the plant. High Ni content also causes the distortion of young leaves and the death of the terminal shoots of the plant. The emerging leaves may fail to unroll and become necrotic, with the necrosis starting from near the base and spreading toward the leaf tip. Nickel toxicity in cereals and grasses varies in the intensity of chlorosis along the length of the leaf with a series of transverse bands.
Sewage sludge contains heavy metals like Ni, Cd, etc. that are absorbed by plants grown in soils contaminated with these heavy metals. The toxicity caused by these metals is in turn, passed on to animals that feed on such plants. Any regulation for sludge use should ensure that the soil pH is not lower than 6.5, as heavy metals are insoluble at pH greater than 6.5.; View all

8.14 First aid: If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

8.15 Shipping: UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.

8.16 Incompatibilities: Nickel dust is a spontaneously flammable solid and a dangerous fire hazard.

8.17 Waste Disposal: Nickel compoundsencapsulation followed by disposal in a chemical waste landfill. However, nickel from various industrial wastes may also be recovered and recycled as described in the literature.

8.18 毒性: GRAS(FDA§184.1537，2000)。

8.19 Chemical Properties: RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.

8.20 Physical properties: Nickel metal does not exist freely in nature. Rather, it is located as compounds in ores ofvarying colors, ranging from reddish-brown rocks to greenish and yellowish deposits, andin copper ores. Once refined from its ore, the metallic nickel is a silver-white and hard butmalleable and ductile metal that can be worked hot or cold to fabricate many items. Nickel,located in group 10, and its close neighbor, copper, just to its right in group 11 of the periodictable, have two major differences. Nickel is a poor conductor of electricity, and copper is anexcellent conductor, and although copper is not magnetic, nickel is. Nickel’s melting point is1,455°C, its boiling point is 2,913°C, and its density is 8.912 g/cm³.

8.21 Isotopes: There are 31 isotopes of nickel, ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. Five of these arestable, and the percentage of their contribution to the element’s natural existence onEarth are as follows: Ni-58 = 68.077%, Ni-60 = 26.223%, Ni-61 = 1.140%, Ni-62 =3.634%, and Ni 64 = 0.926%. All of the other 26 isotopes of nickel are artificially madeand radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to 7.6×10⁴ years.

8.22 Origin of Name: The name is derived from the ore niccolite, meaning “Old Nick,” referred to as the devil by German miners. The niccolite mineral ore was also called “kupfernickel,” which in German stands for two things; first, it is the name of a gnome (similar to Cobalt), and second, it refers to “Old Nick’s false copper.”

8.23 Occurrence: Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS ? 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.; View all

8.24 Characteristics: As mentioned, nickel is located in group 10 (VIII) and is the third element in the specialtriad (Fe, Co, Ni) of the first series of the transition elements. Nickel’s chemical and physicalproperties, particularly its magnetic peculiarity, are similar to iron and cobalt.Some acids will attack nickel, but it offers excellent protection from corrosion from air andseawater. This quality makes it excellent for electroplating other metals to form a protectivecoating. Nickel is also an excellent alloy metal, particularly with iron, for making stainless steelas well as a protective armor for military vehicles. It is malleable and can be drawn throughdies to form wires. About one pound of nickel metal can be drawn to about 200 miles of thinwire.

8.25 Uses: The most common use of nickel is as an alloy metal with iron and steel to make stainlesssteel, which contains from 5% to 15% nickel. The higher the percentage of nickel in stainlesssteel, the greater the steel’s resistance to corrosion—particularly when exposed to seawater.Nickel is also alloyed with copper to make Monel metal, which was widely used before stainless steel became more economical and practical. It was used for many purposes as varied ashousehold appliances and general manufacturing. Nickel is also used to electroplate othermetals to provide a noncorrosive protective and attractive finish.

8.26 Production Methods: Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-, vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process.
The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy. In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and carbon monoxide.

8.27 Preparation: The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required. The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used.
Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.

8.28 Definition: A transition metal that occurs naturally as the sulfide and silicate. It is extracted by the Mond process, which involves reduction of nickel oxide using carbon monoxide followed by the formation and subsequent decomposition of volatile nickel carbonyl. Nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes, e.g. margarine manufacture, and in coinage alloys. Its main oxidation state is +2 and these compounds are usually green. Symbol: Ni; m.p. 1453°C; b.p. 2732°C; r.d. 8.902 (25°C); p.n. 28; r.a.m. 58.6934.

8.29 Hazard: Nickel dust and powder are flammable. Most nickel compounds, particularly the salts, aretoxic. NiSO₄ is a known carcinogen.
Although nickel is not easily absorbed in the digestive system, it can cause toxic reactionsand is a confirmed carcinogen in high concentration in the body. Nickel workers can receivesevere skin rashes and lung cancer from exposure to nickel dust and vapors.
Nickel is stored in the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart. It can cause coughs, shortnessof breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness.

8.30 Carcinogenicity: Metallic nickel is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

8.31 Environmental Fate: Nickel and its compounds are naturally present in the Earth’s crust, and nickel can be released into the atmosphere via natural discharges such as windblown dust and volcanic eruptions. It is estimated that 8.5 million kilograms of nickel are emitted into the atmosphere from natural sources such as windblown dust, volcanoes, and vegetation each year. Anthropogenic activities constitute significant discharge into the environment, particularly in the form of particulate matter and nickel compounds not normally found naturally; these sources comprise five times the quantity estimated to come from natural sources.
Nickel releases are mainly in the form of aerosols that cover a broad spectrum of sizes. Particulates from power plants tend to be associated with smaller particles than those from smelters. Atmospheric aerosols are removed by gravitational settling and dry and wet deposition. Submicrometer particles may have atmospheric half-lives as long as 30 days. Monitoring data confirm that nickel can be transported far from its source, and that the form of nickel emitted to the atmosphere will vary according to the type of source. Species associated with combustion, incineration, and metals smelting and refining are often complex nickel oxides, nickel sulfate, metallic nickel, and in more specialized industries, nickel silicate, nickel subsulfide, and nickel chloride.
Nickel may be transported into streams and waterways from the natural weathering of soil as well as from anthropogenic discharges and runoff. This nickel can accumulate in sediment, with the adsorption of the metal to the soil depending on pH, redox potential, ionic strength of the water, concentration of complexing ions, and the metal concentration and type. Soluble nickel compounds such as nickel chloride would be expected to release divalent nickel into moist environments. Since these compounds quickly dissolve upon exposure to water, and partially due to the ubiquity of nickel in soil, water, and air, tracking the course of these compounds through the environment is difficult. This is particularly due to nickel’s ability to complex with anionic species other than chloride to form nickel oxide, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, or acetate, among others.
Industrial uses of nickel result in nickel being distributed mainly at soil surfaces and through surrounding waterways and water tables. Once distributed to the soil, nickel(II) ions can potentially form inorganic crystalline minerals or precipitates, can complex or adsorb onto organic and inorganic surfaces, can participate in cation exchange, and can exist as free-ion or chelated metal complexes in soil solution.; View all

8.32 Usage: Nickel on Silica-Alumina Catalys products are often used as the most efficient way to catalyze organic reactions.? It is also used in R&D, manufacture of chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and intermediates. It is an important raw material and intermediate used in Organic Synthesis.

8.33 Usage: Conductive surface coatings, inks, adhesives, and sealants

8.34 Usage: Magnetron sputtering source

8.35 Usage: The accumulation of radiation defects in the crystal lattice of nickel in the course of irradiation leads to an increase in the metal sputtering yield from the surface of grains, making it comparable with the sputtering yield from the intergranular region. These result in development of the heavy ion acceleration facilities and for the high-energy heavy-ion doping of deep layers in semiconductors.

8.36 Usage: High temperature and corrosion resistant materials

8.37 Toxicity evaluation: Skin sensitization is believed to occur as a result of nickel binding to proteins (particularly on the cell surface) and hapten formation. The nickel–protein complex is recognized as foreign and an immune reaction follows. For example, sweat may react with the nickel in plated jewelry that comes in direct contact with skin; dissolved metal may penetrate and react with proteins in the skin, leading to immune sensitization. Nickel may substitute for certain other metals (especially zinc) in metal-dependent enzymes, leading to altered protein function. High nickel content in serum and tissue may interfere with both copper and zinc metabolism. It also readily crosses the cell membrane via calcium channels and competes with calcium for specific receptors.
Nickel can alter the sodium balance and lipid metabolism and can induce metallothionein synthesis. Dissolved nickel also affects the T-cell system and suppresses the activity of natural killer cells. If given orally or by inhalation, nickel chloride has been reported to decrease iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. The lipid peroxidation properties of nickel can introduce potential malignancies in humans, as DNA strand gaps and breaks in DNA–protein cross-links can form. The down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism by nickel ions may produce nephrotoxicity in humans as well. Nickel carbonyl can cross-link amino acids to DNA and lead to formation of reactive oxygen species. Nickel carbonyl can also suppress natural killer cell activity and production of some interferons.
Responses in many of these assays were weak and occurred at toxic doses, and were affected by tissue culture conditions modifying uptake by the cell. The mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis is controversial, and is likely to vary with the form of nickel. The nickel ion (Ni2+) alone does not form premutagenic DNA lesions, suggesting that nickel causes indirect DNA damage, perhaps due to oxidative stress or blocking DNA repair mechanisms.
Nickel is an essential trace nutrient in plants and certain animal species (e.g., rat and chick); however, it has not been shown to be essential in humans.; View all

8.38 General Description: Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.

8.39 Air & Water Reactions: Pyrophoric, Ignites spontaneously in the presence of air; during storage, H2 escapes with fire and explosion hazards; reacts violently with acids forming H2. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 807].

8.40 Reactivity Profile: Metals, such as METAL CATALYST, are reducing agents and tend to react with oxidizing agents. Their reactivity is strongly influenced by their state of subdivision: in bulk they often resist chemical combination; in powdered form they may react very rapidly. Thus, as a bulk metal Nickel is somewhat unreactive, but finely divided material may be pyrophoric. The metal reacts exothermically with compounds having active hydrogen atoms (such as acids and water) to form flammable hydrogen gas and caustic products. The reactions are less vigorous than the similar reactions of alkali metals, but the released heat can still ignite the released hydrogen. Materials in this group may react with azo/diazo compounds to form explosive products. These metals and the products of their corrosion by air and water can catalyze polymerization reactions in several classes of organic compounds; these polymerizations sometimes proceed rapidly or even explosively. Some metals in this group form explosive products with halogenated hydrocarbons. Can react explosively with oxidizing materials.; View all

8.41 Hazard: Flammable and toxic as dust or fume. Dermatitis and pneumoconiosis. A confirmed carcinogen

8.42 Health Hazard: Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

8.43 Fire Hazard: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.

8.44 Safety Profile: Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. An experimental teratogen. Ingestion of soluble salts causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Mutation data reported. Hypersensitivity to nickel is common and can cause allergic contact dermatitis, pulmonary asthma, conjunctivitis, and inflammatory reactions around nickel-containing medcal implants and prostheses. Powders may ignite spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with F2, NH4NO3, hydrazine, NH3, (H2 + dioxane), performic acid, P, Se, S, (Ti + KCLO3). Incompatible with oxidants (e.g., bromine pentafluoride, peroxyformic acid, potassium perchlorate, chlorine, nitryl fluoride, ammonium nitrate), Raney-nickel catalysts may initiate hazardous reactions with ethylene + aluminum chloride, pdioxane, hydrogen, hydrogen + oxygen, magnesium silicate, methanol, organic solvents + heat, sulfur compounds. Nickel catalysts have caused many industrial accidents.; View all

9. Computational chemical data

Molecular Weight: 58.693g/mol
Molecular Formula: Ni
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: null
Exact Mass: 57.935342
Monoisotopic Mass: 57.935342
Complexity: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 1
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADcQAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

10. Question & Answer

What are the Applications of Nickel Catalyst in Organic Synthesis? Jun 04 2023
Nickel catalyst is an important catalyst in organic synthesis, known for its efficiency, high selectivity, and ease of use. This article provides an introduction and analysis of the basic principles, ..
What are the safety precautions for using Nickel catalyst? Aug 04 2022
There are certain chemicals that have significant toxic side effects and may even have carcinogenic effects. Therefore, it is important to have some understanding of the common aspects of these chemic..
What is the chemical symbol for nickel? Apr 10 2022
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. (Wik..
Is nickel magnetic? If so, what would it take to harvest nickel from seawater? What is the concentration of nickel dissolved in seawater Apr 09 2022
Yes nickel is magnetic. It is one of the four magnetic metals (iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium) I could not find any listing for nickel in sea water I suspect that it is less than one part in 100,000..

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