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Rhodium
- Iupac Name:rhodium
- CAS No.: 7440-16-6
- Molecular Weight:102.91
- Modify Date.: 2022-11-10 14:03
- Introduction: Rhodium was discovered by W. H. Wollaston in 1803-04 in the aqua regia platium hexachloride, (NH4)2PtCl6, from the aqua regia extract, the resulting filtrate contained two new metals, palladium and rhodium. The element was named rhodium, derived from the Greek word rhodon for the beautiful rose color of its chloro salt and its aqueous solution.Rhodium occurs in nature in trace quantities, always associated with other platinum metals. It is found in native form. Its average abundance in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 1mg/kg. Rhodium is used as a precious metal for making jewelry and decorative. Other important applications of this metal or its compounds are in making glass for mirrors or filtering light; in catalytic reactions to synthesize a number of products; as an alloying element for platinum; as a hardening agent for platinum and palladium at high temperatures; in electrical contact plates in radioand audio-frequency circuits. Rhodium alloyed with platinum is used in thermocouples. A 10% Rh-Pt alloy was introduced by LeChatelier in 1885 for use in thermocouples. Also, rhodium alloys are used in laboratory crucibles, electrodes, optical instruments, furnace linings, and making glass fibers.
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1. Names and Identifiers
- 1.1 Name
- Rhodium
- 1.2 Synonyms
EINECS 233-397-6 ESCAT 3401 MFCD00011201 Rh rh-945 rhodium atom RHODIUM BLACK Rhodium black 3N RHODIUM METAL RhodiuM Rh/C rhodium(metalfumeand rhodium(metalfumeandinsolublecompou
- 1.3 CAS No.
- 7440-16-6
- 1.4 CID
- 23948
- 1.5 EINECS(EC#)
- 231-125-0
- 1.6 Inchi
- InChI=1S/Rh
- 1.7 InChkey
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- 1.8 Canonical Smiles
- [Rh]
- 1.9 Isomers Smiles
- [Rh]
2. Properties
- 2.1 Density
- 1.41 g/mL at 25 °C
- 2.1 Melting point
- 1966℃
- 2.1 Boiling point
- 3727℃
- 2.1 Flash Point
- °C
- 2.1 Precise Quality
- 102.90600
- 2.1 PSA
- 0.00000
- 2.1 logP
- 0.00000
- 2.1 Appearance
- grey solid.
- 2.2 Storage
- Ambient temperatures.
- 2.3 Carcinogenicity
- Chick embryos exposed to rhodium on theeighth day of incubation were stunted; mildreduction of limb size and feather growth inhibitionwere also observed. A number ofrhodium compounds have tested positive inbacterial assays for genetic altering capability.
- 2.4 Chemical Properties
- Rhodium, together with platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium, is one of the platinum-group metals in Group VIII of the Periodic Table. Rhodium metal is a white, hard, ductile, malleable solid with a bluish-gray luster. soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. The alloys of rhodium can also be used in high temperature conditions (i.e., thermocouples and crucibles). It also can be used in electroplating glass products due to its reflective properties.
- 2.5 Physical Properties
- Grayish-white metal; face-centered cubic crystals; density 12.41 g/cm3; hardness, annealed 100-120 Vickers units; melts at 1,964°C; vaporizes at 3,695°C; electrical resistivity 4.33 microhm–cm at 0°C; tensile strength, annealed 50 tons/in2; Young’s modulus, annealed 2.3×104 tons/in2; magnetic susceptibility 0.99×10–6 cm3/g; thermal neutron absorption cross section 156 barns; insoluble in water; soluble in concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acid under boiling conditions; the metal in massive form is slightly soluble in aqua regia, but in small quantities or in thin plates it partially dissolves in aqua regia; forms solid solutions with platinum, palladium and iridium.
- 2.6 Color/Form
- Red
- 2.7 Water Solubility
- Insoluble
- 2.8 Stability
- Absorbs oxygen when melted; at a red heat is slowly oxidized to the sesquioxide.
- 2.9 StorageTemp
- Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
3. Use and Manufacturing
- 3.1 Definition
- Metallic element havingatomic number 45, group VIII of the periodic table,aw 102.9055, no isotopes, valence = 3.
- 3.2 History
- Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crudeplatinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in riversands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is alsofound with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfideores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantityoccurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processedmake the recovery commercially feasible. The annualworld production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changesin air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it convertsback to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting pointand lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloyingagent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys areused for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushingsfor glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs,and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contactmaterial as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stablecontact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Platedrhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionallyhard and is used for optical instruments. It has a highreflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used forjewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costsabout $180/g (99.9%).isotopes
- 3.3 Potential Exposure
- Rhodium has few applications byitself, as in rhodium plating of white gold jewelry or plat-ing of electrical parts, such as commutator slip rings, but,mainly, rhodium is used as a component of platinum alloys.Rhodium-containing catalysts have been proposed for usein automotive catalytic converters for exhaust gas cleanup.
- 3.4 Produe Method
- Pure rhodium is prepared by the reduction of its ammoniumsalt (dichloropentaaminorhodium).
- 3.5 Shipping
- Flammable powder, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels:4.1-Flammable solid.
- 3.6 Usage
- Rhodium was discovered by W. H. Wollaston in 1803-04 in the aqua regia platium hexachloride, (NH4)2PtCl6, from the aqua regia extract, the resulting filtrate contained two new metals, palladium and rhodium. The element was named rhodium, derived from the Greek word rhodon for the beautiful rose color of its chloro salt and its aqueous solution.Rhodium occurs in nature in trace quantities, always associated with other platinum metals. It is found in native form. Its average abundance in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 1mg/kg. Rhodium is used as a precious metal for making jewelry and decorative. Other important applications of this metal or its compounds are in making glass for mirrors or filtering light; in catalytic reactions to synthesize a number of products; as an alloying element for platinum; as a hardening agent for platinum and palladium at high temperatures; in electrical contact plates in radioand audio-frequency circuits. Rhodium alloyed with platinum is used in thermocouples. A 10% Rh-Pt alloy was introduced by LeChatelier in 1885 for use in thermocouples. Also, rhodium alloys are used in laboratory crucibles, electrodes, optical instruments, furnace linings, and making glass fibers.
- 3.7 Waste Disposal
- Recovery in view of the higheconomic value. Recovery techniques for recycling ofrhodium in plating wastes and spent catalysts have beendescribed in the literature. Rhodium Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products
4. Safety and Handling
- 4.1 Symbol
- GHS02
- 4.1 Hazard Codes
- F; Xi
- 4.1 Signal Word
- Danger
- 4.1 Risk Statements
- R11
- 4.1 Safety Statements
- S16;S24/25
- 4.1 Packing Group
- III
- 4.1 Hazard Class
- 4.1
- 4.1 Hazard Declaration
- H413
- 4.1 RIDADR
- UN 3089
- 4.1 Safety Profile
- Handle carefully. It may be a sensitizer but not to the same extent as platinum. Most rholum compounds have only moderate toxicity by ingestion. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with chlorine, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, and OF2. A catalytic metal
- 4.2 Caution Statement
- P210
- 4.2 Incompatibilities
- Flammable as a dust, fume, or powdermay form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible withstrong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanga-nates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); con-tact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away fromalkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids,epoxides, bromine pentafluoride, and bromine trifluoride;chlorine trifluoride; oxygen difluoride.
- 4.3 WGK Germany
- 3
- 4.3 RTECS
- VI9069000
- 4.3 Report
-
Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
- 4.4 Safety
-
Handle carefully. It may be a sensitizer but not to the same extent as platinum. Most rhodium compounds have only moderate toxicity by ingestion. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with chlorine, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, and OF2. A catalytic metal.
Hazard Codes:
C
Xi
F
Risk Statements: 36/38-11-36/37/38-36-34-23
R11: Highly flammable.
R23: Toxic by inhalation.
R34: Causes burns.
R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin.
R36:Irritating to eyes.
Safety Statements: 26-24/25-16-22-36-17-45-36/37/39
S16: Keep away from sources of ignition.
S17: Keep away from combustible material.
S22: Do not breathe dust.
S24/25: Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S36: Wear suitable protective clothing.
S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
- 4.5 Specification
-
Rhodium ,its cas register number is 7440-16-6. It is a chemical element and is one of the most expensive precious metals. It is not attacked by acids and its metal does not normally form an oxide, even when heated. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days, 102mRh with a half-life of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. The industrial extraction of Rhodium (CAS NO.7440-16-6) is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. It is also possible to extract rhodium from used nuclear fuel, which contains rhodium. Rhodium compounds can strongly stain human skin. If used in elemental form rather than as compounds, the metal is harmless.
5. MSDS
2.Hazard identification
2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term (Chronic) - Category Chronic 4
2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram(s) | No symbol. |
Signal word | No signal word. |
Hazard statement(s) | H413 May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
Precautionary statement(s) | |
Prevention | P273 Avoid release to the environment. |
Response | none |
Storage | none |
Disposal | P501 Dispose of contents/container to ... |
2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification
none
6. Other Information
- 6.0 Merck
- 14,8186
- 6.1 History, Occurrence, and Uses
- Rhodium was discovered by W. H. Wollaston in 1803-04 in the aqua regia platium hexachloride, (NH4)2PtCl6, from the aqua regia extract, the resulting filtrate contained two new metals, palladium and rhodium. The element was named rhodium, derived from the Greek word rhodon for the beautiful rose color of its chloro salt and its aqueous solution.
Rhodium occurs in nature in trace quantities, always associated with other platinum metals. It is found in native form. Its average abundance in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 1mg/kg. Rhodium is used as a precious metal for making jewelry and decorative. Other important applications of this metal or its compounds are in making glass for mirrors or filtering light; in catalytic reactions to synthesize a number of products; as an alloying element for platinum; as a hardening agent for platinum and palladium at high temperatures; in electrical contact plates in radioand audio-frequency circuits. Rhodium alloyed with platinum is used in thermocouples. A 10% Rh-Pt alloy was introduced by LeChatelier in 1885 for use in thermocouples. Also, rhodium alloys are used in laboratory crucibles, electrodes, optical instruments, furnace linings, and making glass fibers.
- 6.2 Physical Properties
- Grayish-white metal; face-centered cubic crystals; density 12.41 g/cm3; hardness, annealed 100-120 Vickers units; melts at 1,964°C; vaporizes at 3,695°C; electrical resistivity 4.33 microhm–cm at 0°C; tensile strength, annealed 50 tons/in2; Young’s modulus, annealed 2.3×104 tons/in2; magnetic susceptibility 0.99×10–6 cm3/g; thermal neutron absorption cross section 156 barns; insoluble in water; soluble in concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acid under boiling conditions; the metal in massive form is slightly soluble in aqua regia, but in small quantities or in thin plates it partially dissolves in aqua regia; forms solid solutions with platinum, palladium and iridium.
- 6.3 Reactions
- At ordinary temperatures rhodium is stable in air. When heated above 600°C, it oxidizes to Rh2O3, forming a dark oxide coating on its surface. The gray crystalline sesquioxide has a corundom-like crystal structure. The sesquioxide, Rh2O3 , decomposes back to its elements when heated above 1,100°C. However, on further heating the metal starts to lose its weight similar to platinum, probably due to loss of its volatile oxide RhO2 dissolved in the metal. The molten metal readily absorbs gaseous oxygen.
The metal in powder form absorbs hydrogen when heated. When heated with carbon monoxide under pressure rhodium forms carbonyl, Rh4(CO)12. The metal combines with halogens at elevated temperatures. When heated with fluorine at 500 to 600°C, it forms a trifluoride, RhF3, a red rhombohedral crystalline powder insoluble in water, dilute acids, or alkalis. Also, a blue tetrafluoride, RhF4, is formed as a minor product. When heated with chlorine gas above 250°C, the brown-red trichloride, RhCl3, forms. It is hygroscopic, decomposing at 450°C.
Rhodium is attacked by fused caustic soda or caustic potash. Also, fused sodium or potassium cyanide and sodium bisulfate attack the metal.
- 6.4 Recovery
- Wollaston’s earliest method involved recovery of rhodium from native platinum. Pt was digested with aqua regia. Rhodium in bulk form is slightly soluble in aqua regia. However, when present as a minor constituent in platinum alloys, the metal may be extracted with aqua regia. Platinum was precipitated from aqua regia extract as ammonium hexachloroplatinate, (NH4)2PtCl6. Addition of mercurous cyanide, Hg2(CN)2, to the filtrate separated palladium as yellow palladium cyanide, Pd(CN)2. Excess mercurous cyanide in the remaining solution was decomposed by evaporating the solution with hydrochloric acid. The residue was treated with ethanol. A dark red solid residue that remained after alcohol treatment was a double chloride, sodium chlororhodite, Na3RhCl6?18H2O. Heating this rhodium complex with hydrogen decomposed the double chloride forming sodium chloride, hydrogen chloride and rhodium metal:
2Na3RhCl6 + 3H2 → 6NaCl + 6HCl + 2Rh
Sodium chloride was removed by leaching with water. Rhodium powder was left as residue.
- 6.5 Description
- Rhodium is one of the platinum group elements, and is found at very low concentrations in the Earths crust. Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1804. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word rhodon, meaning rose. The plated solid is very corrosion resistant and exceptionally hard. While inert in air and acids, it can produce a violent reaction to chlorine, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, and fluorine monoxide.
- 6.6 Chemical Properties
- Rhodium, together with platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium, is one of the platinum-group metals in Group VIII of the Periodic Table. Rhodium metal is a white, hard, ductile, malleable solid with a bluish-gray luster. soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. The alloys of rhodium can also be used in high temperature conditions (i.e., thermocouples and crucibles). It also can be used in electroplating glass products due to its reflective properties.

- 6.7 Physical properties
- Rhodium is a hard shiny-white metal that resists corrosion from oxygen, moisture, andacids at room temperatures. As a member of group 8 (VIII), 45Rh shares many chemical andphysical properties with cobalt (27Co) just above it and iridium (77Ir) below it in the verticalgroup. Therefore, it is considered one of the elements that are transitory between metals andnonmetals. It is rare and only found in combination with platinum ores.
Rhodium’s melting point is 1,966°C, its boiling point is 3,727°C, and its density is 12.41g/cm3.
- 6.8 Isotopes
- There are 52 isotopes of rhodium, ranging from Rh-89 to Rh-122. All are producedartificially with relatively short half-lives except one stable isotope, Rh-103, whichconstitutes 100% of the element’s existence in the Earth’s crust.
- 6.9 Origin of Name
- Named after the Greek word rhodon, which means “rose,” because of the reddish color of its salt compounds.
- 6.10 Occurrence
- Rhodium is rare, but not as rare as ruthenium. It makes up only 1 part in 20 million of theelements found in the Earth’s crust. Even so, it is considered the 79th most abundant elementand is found mixed with platinum ore, and to a lesser extent, it is found with copper andnickel ores. It is found in Siberia, South Africa, and Ontario, Canada.
Rhodium is recovered from platinum and other ores by refining and purification processesthat start by dissolving the other platinum group metals and related impurities with strongacids that do not affect the rhodium itself. Any remaining platinum group elements areremoved by oxidation and bathing the mixture in chlorine and ammonia.
Rhodium is usually produced as a powder and can be formed by either casting or powdermetallurgy.
- 6.11 Characteristics
- Rhodium is one of the six platinum transition elements that include Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, andPt. Of these metals, rhodium has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity. Although arelatively scarce metal, rhodium makes an excellent electroplated surface that is hard, wearswell, and is permanently bright—ideal for plating the reflectors in automobile headlights.
- 6.12 History
- Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%).isotopes
- 6.13 Uses
- Rhodium is a transition metal catalyst used in a multitude of inorganic synthesis.
- 6.14 Uses
- As an alloy with platinum; as a corrosion-resistant electroplate for protecting silverware from tarnishing; for making high-reflectivity mirrors for cinema projectors, searchlights. Spongy or black rhodium is used as a catalyst in various organic hydrogenation and oxidation reactions.
- 6.15 Uses
- Rhodium is commercially used as an alloy metal with other metals to form durable hightemperatureelectrical equipment, thermocouples, electrical contacts and switches, and laboratorycrucibles.
Because of its high reflectivity, it is used to electroplate jewelry, silverware, optical instruments,mirrors, and reflectors in lighting devices.
When rhodium is combined with platinum and palladium, the elements together form theinternal metals of automobile catalytic converters, which convert hot unburned hydrocarbonexhaust gases to less harmful CO2 and H2O. Similar alloys are used to manufacture hightemperatureproducts such as electric coils for metal refining furnaces and high-temperaturespark plugs.
- 6.16 Definition
- Metallic element having atomic number 45, group VIII of the periodic table, aw 102.9055, no isotopes, valence = 3.
- 6.17 Definition
- A rare silvery hard transition metal. It is difficult to work and highly resistant to corrosion. Rhodium occurs native but most is obtained from copper and nickel ores. It is used in protective finishes, alloys, and as a catalyst. Symbol: Rh; m.p. 1966°C; b.p. 3730°C; r.d. 12.41 (20°C); p.n. 45; r.a.m. 102.90550.
- 6.18 Definition
- rhodium: Symbol Rh. A silvery whitemetallic transition element;a.n. 45; r.a.m. 102.9; r.d. 12.4; m.p.1966°C; b.p. 3727°C. It occurs withplatinum and is used in certain platinumalloys (e.g. for thermocouples)and in plating jewellery and opticalreflectors. Chemically, it is not attackedby acids (dissolves only slowlyin aqua regia) and reacts with nonmetals(e.g. oxygen and chlorine) atred heat. Its main oxidation state is+3 although it also forms complexesin the +4 state. The element was discoveredin 1803 by William Wollaston(1766–1828).
- 6.19 Production Methods
- Pure rhodium is prepared by the reduction of its ammonium salt (dichloropentaaminorhodium).
- 6.20 General Description
-
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- 6.21 Usage
- Rhodium is a useful reagent for the conversation of nitriles to primary amines and the hydrogenation of aromatic rings, pyridines, aldehydes and sugars. It is also used for the reduction of oximes to amines and for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine using hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen source.
- 6.22 Usage
- Rhodium 5% on activated carbon powder, Type C101038-5, reduced, is a transition metal catalyst used in a multitude of inorganic synthesis.
- 6.23 Usage
- Rhodium, 5% on alumina powder is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic carboxylic and heterocyclic compounds. Further, it has high stereospecificity and low hydrogenolytic activity.
- 6.24 Usage
- Rhodium, 5% on alumina is used as a catalyst for hydrogenation reactions, nitrous oxide decomposition. Used in manufacturing of nitric acid.
- 6.25 Usage
- Rhodium, 5% on carbon is a useful reagent for the conversation of nitriles to primary amines and the hydrogenation of aromatic rings, pyridines, aldehydes and sugars. It is also used for the reduction of oximes to amines and for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine using hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen source.
7. Computational chemical data
- Molecular Weight: 102.91g/mol
- Molecular Formula: Rh
- Compound Is Canonicalized: True
- XLogP3-AA: null
- Exact Mass: 102.90549
- Monoisotopic Mass: 102.90549
- Complexity: 0
- Rotatable Bond Count: 0
- Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
- Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
- Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
- Heavy Atom Count: 1
- Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
- Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
- Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Isotope Atom Count: 0
- Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
- CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADcQAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
8. Question & Answer
-
What is Rhodium Rhodium is a chemical element having the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a hard metal having a shiny-silvery appearance. An important property of Rhodium is its corrosion resistance. Hence, it is considered as a noble metal (noble metals are metallic elements that are resistan...
-
If you’re interested in jewelry, you’ve probably heard the term “rhodium plating” mentioned quite often. But do you know what it actually is and when it is best used? Here is everything you need to know. What Is Rhodium? First things first. Let’s clear up what this mys...
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