Sodium formate

1.1 Name

Sodium formate

1.2 Synonyms

Cough. Sore throat. Redness. Pain. EINECS 205-488-0 formatedesodium Formax Formic Acid Sodium Salt Formic acid, Na salt Formic acid, sodium salt Formic acid, sodium salt (1:1) Formic acid,sodium salt MFCD00013101 Mravencan sodny mravencansodny NA-Amasil Sodium formate, hydrated Sodium formate, refined Sodiumformate,dihydrate

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1.3 CAS No.

141-53-7

1.4 CID

2723810

1.5 EINECS(EC#)

205-488-0

1.6 Molecular Formula

CHNaO2 (isomer)

1.7 Inchi

InChI=1S/CH2O2.Na/c2-1-3;/h1H,(H,2,3);/q;+1/p-1

1.8 InChIkey

HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M

1.9 Canonical Smiles

C(=O)[O-].[Na+]

1.10 Isomers Smiles

C(=O)[O-].[Na+]

2.1 Density

1.16 g/mL at 20 °C

2.1 Melting point

259-262 °C(lit.)

2.1 Boiling point

360 °C

2.1 Flash Point

29.9°C

2.1 Precise Quality

67.98740

2.1 PSA

40.13000

2.1 logP

-0.99800

2.1 Solubility

H2O: 8?M at?20?°C, clear, colorless

2.2 Appearance

DryPowder; DryPowder, Liquid; Liquid; OtherSolid; PelletsLargeCrystals; PelletsLargeCrystals, Liquid

2.3 Storage

Hygroscopic. Ambient temperatures.

2.4 Chemical Properties

It is a white powder, with water absorption and a slight odor of formic acid. It is dissolved in water and glycerol, slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in ether.

2.5 Color/Form

COLORLESS MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS|WHITE GRANULES OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER

2.6 Odor

Slight formic acid odour

2.7 PH

7.0-8.5 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)

2.8 Water Solubility

H2O: soluble

2.9 Spectral Properties

MAX ABSORPTION (UNDILUTED): 205 NM (EPSILON= 165)
Index of refraction: 1.3714 at 20 deg C/D
IR: 15 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR Grating Collection)
1H NMR: 6653 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
MASS: 49305 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version)

2.10 Stability

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. Protect from moisture.

2.11 StorageTemp

Store at +5°C to +30°C.

3.1 Definition

ChEBI: An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid.

3.2 Methods of Manufacturing

REACTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE|CARBON MONOXIDE & SODIUM HYDROXIDE ARE HEATED UNDER PRESSURE, ALSO FROM PENTAERYTHRITOL MANUFACTURE.

3.3 Purification Methods

A saturated aqueous solution at 90o (0.8mL water/g) is filtered and allowed to cool slowly. (The final temperature should be above 30o to prevent formation of the hydrate.) After two such crystallissations, the crystals are dried in an oven at 130o, then under high vacuum. [Westrum et al. J Phys Chem 64 1553 1960, Roecker & Meyer J Am Chem Soc 108 4066 1986.] The salt has also been recrystallised twice from 1mM DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, which was recrystallised 4x from MilliQ water and dried in a vacuum), then twice from water [Bielski & Thomas J Am Chem Soc 109 7761 1987]. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.] Sodium formate Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products

3.4 Usage

1. Sodium formate is mainly for the production of formic acid, oxalic acid and insurance powder and so on.2. It is used as the reagent for the determination of phosphorus and arsenic, disinfectant and mordant.3. It is used as preservatives, with diuretic effect. It is mutatis mutandis in EEC countries, but the British are not allowed to use.4. Sodium formate is used as intermediates in the production of formic acid and oxalic acid, but also for the production of dimethyl formamide, also used in medicine, printing and dyeing industry. It is also heavy metal precipitant.5. It is used as alkyd paints, plasticizers, high explosives, acid-resistant materials, aviation lubricants, additives of adhesives.6. It is used for precipitating noble metal, may form trivalent metal complex ions in the solution. With buffer effect, it can be used for correcting pH value of strong mineral acids to be higher. It is precipitant of heavy metal.

4.1 Symbol

GHS07

4.1 Hazard Codes

Xi

4.1 Signal Word

Warning

4.1 Risk Statements

36/37/38-67-36

4.1 Safety Statements

26-37/39-36-24/25

4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations

Formic acid is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.
Formic acid may be safely used as a preservative in hay crop silage in an amount not to exceed 2.25 percent of the silage on a dry weight basis or 0.45 percent when direct-cut. The top foot of silage stored should not contain formic acid and silage should not be fed to livestock within 4 weeks of treatment.
Indirect food substance additives affirmed as generally recognized as safe. (a) Formic acid (CH2O2, CAS Reg. No. 64?18?6) is also referred to as methanoic acid or hydrogen carboxylic acid. It occurs naturally in some insects and is contained in the free acid state in a number of plants. Formic acid is prepared by the reaction of sodium formate with sulfuric acid and is isolated by distillation. (b) Formic acid is used as a constituent of paper and paperboard used for food packaging. (c) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice in accordance with ?186.1(b)(1). (d) Prior sanctions for formic acid different from the uses established in this section do not exist or have been waived.
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: formic acid is included in pediculicide drug products.

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4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient

log Kow = -0.54

4.3 Other Preventative Measures

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Clothing contaminated with formic acid should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of formic acid from clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the formic acid, the person performing the operation should be informed of formic acid's hazardous properties.
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.
Provide emergency showers and eyewash.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

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4.4 Hazard Declaration

H319-H336

4.4 Cleanup Methods

Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.
Environmental considerations--land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime ... crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Environmental considerations--water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.
Environmental considerations--air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.

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4.5 DisposalMethods

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U123, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for formic acid: biological treatment.
Incineration: Burn scrap material in an approved incinerator with afterburner. Flammable solvent may be added to improve burning characteristics.

4.6 DOT Emergency Guidelines

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

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4.7 RIDADR

25kgs

4.7 Fire Fighting Procedures

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

4.8 FirePotential

Open flames and other sources of ignition should not be allowed in ... vicinity of acid, particularly when it is at temperature above 69 deg C.

4.9 Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NazO. See also FORMIC ACID.

4.10 Caution Statement

P280-P304 + P340 + P312-P305 + P351 + P338-P337 + P313

4.10 Formulations/Preparations

Grade: Technical: 85%; 90%; CP; FCC.
Usually available as 90% aqueous solutions.
Grades: 89-91% for 90% grade; > 98% for technical grade; > 99.5% for pharmaceutical grade. /From table/

4.11 WGK Germany

1

4.11 RTECS

LR0350000

4.11 Protective Equipment and Clothing

Self-contained breathing apparatus; chemical goggles or face shield; rubber suit, gloves, and shoes.
Breakthrough times greater than one hour reported by two or more testers for natural rubber, neoprene, and polyvinyl chloride.
Some data suggesting breakthrough times of approximately an hour or more for nitrile rubber.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 30 ppm: (Assigned Protection Factor = 10) Any supplied-air respirator. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection./(Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: (Assigned Protection Factor = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode/(Assigned Protection Factor = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
Respirator Recommendations: Escape: (Assigned Protection Factor = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.

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4.12 Reactivities and Incompatibilities

The slow decomposition in storage of 98-100% formic acid with liberation of carbon monoxide led to rupture of the sealed glass containers. In absence of gas leakage, a full 2.5 L bottle would develop a pressure of over 7 bar during 1 yr at 25 deg C. Explosive decomposition of formic acid on a clean nickel ... surface was studied, using deuteroformic acid. A full 1 L bottle of 96% formic acid burst when the ambient temp fell to -6 deg C overnight and the contents froze and expanded. Gas pressure from previous partial decomposition may also have contributed.
/Aluminium/ ... reduces the acid (itself a reducant) with incandescence.
During prepn of ... /peroxyformic acid/ by a patented procedure involving interaction of formic acid with hydrogen peroxide in presence of metabolic acid, an explosion occurred which was attributed to spontaneous separation of virtually pure peroxyformic acid.
/Reacts/ ... explosively with oxidizing agents...
During an attempt to prepare furfuryl formate from furfuryl alcohol and concentrated formic acid, an explosion occurred.
A chemist working a 50-50 mixture of formic acid and 90% hydrogen peroxide, introduced a small amount of organic material into solution. When reaction had subsided, container was removed to a workbench. Later, when flask was picked up, material exploded violently.
In the production of formic acid, slurry of calcium formate in approx 50% aq formic acid containing urea is acidified with strong nitric acid to convert the calcium salt to free acid, and interaction of formic acid (reducant) with nitric acid (oxidant) is inhibited by the urea. When only 10% of the required amt of urea had been added ... addition of the nitric acid caused a runaway (redox) reaction to occur which burst the (vented) vessel.
Addition of ... acids to nitromethane renders it susceptible to initiation by a detonator. These include ... formic, nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric acids.
Addition of dry /palladium-carbon/ catalyst to 98% formic acid used as a hydrogenation solvent can be extremely hazardous, because hydrogen is released by decomposition of the acid.
Removal of formic acid from industrial waste streams with sodium hypochlorite soln becomes explosive at 55 deg C.
A violent reaction occurred when a small amount of vanillin was added to thallium trinitrate trihydrate (up to 50%) in 90% formic acid.
Strong oxidizers, strong caustics, concentrated sulfuric acid [Note: Corrosive to metals].
Attempted dehydration of 95% acid to anhydrous formic acid caused rapid evolution of carbon monoxide.
The explosion limits have been determined for liquid systems containing hydrogen peroxide, water and... formic acid... . In general, explosive behavior is noted where the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to water is >1, and if the overall fuel-peroxide composition is stoichiometric, the explosive power and sensitivity may be equivalent to those of glyceryl nitrate.
The use of excess formic acid to destroy excess nitric acid in nuclear fuel reprocessing waste solutions at 100 deg C is potentially hazardous because of an induction period, high exothermicity and the evolution of large amounts of gas, mainly carbon dioxide, dinitrogen oxide and nitrogen oxide, with some nitrogen and dinitrogen tetroxide.

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4.13 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

A skin and severe eye irritant.

4.14 Toxicity

ORL-MUS LD50 11200 mg kg-1, IVN-RBT LD50 1250 mg kg-1

9.0 Merck

14,8621

9.1 BRN

3595134

9.2 Chemical properties

It is a white powder, with water absorption and a slight odor of formic acid. It is dissolved in water and glycerol, slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in ether.

9.3 Sodium formate and calcium formate

Sodium formate and calcium formate are two kinds of common metal salts of formic acid, sodium formate, also known as sodium formate, There are two kinds of molecular forms of sodium formate compounds in nature:
① as a white crystalline powder, anhydrous sodium formate is slightly hygroscopic, poisonous. The relative density is 1.92 (20 ℃), m.p. is 253 ℃. It is dissolved in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in ether.
② sodium formate dihydrate is colorless crystals. With slight formic acid odor, it is toxic. It is dissolved in water and glycerine, slightly soluble in ethanol. It broke down into hydrogen and sodium oxalate under strong heat, and finally converted into sodium carbonate. It is produced by the interaction of formic acid and sodium hydroxide.
The main purpose of sodium formate as follows:
Sodium formate can be used as chemical analysis reagent, used for determination of arsenic and phosphorus, also used as a disinfectant, mordant and so on. Powdered sodium formate is used in industrial instand of formic acid to improve the performance of limestone FGD systems, the advantage is application safety and health.
Preparation of sodium formate: Sodium bicarbonate reacts with formic acid in laboratory, remain the solution basic, remove Fe3 +, filtered, and add formic acid into the filtrate, and the solution was acidic, then evaporate, crystallize to obtain crude sodium.
Calcium is a free-flowing white crystalline powder, with mouldproof, fungicidal, antibacterial effects, is an organic acid feed additive. Its content is 99%, with 69% formic acid, 31% calcium, low water content. This product has a high melting point, is not easy to be destroyed in the particle mass. Feed is added 0.9% to 1.5%. This product is broken down into formic acid in the stomach, reduces the pH of the stomach, maintains digestive acidity, prevents the growth of bacteria to control and prevent bacterial infection-related diarrhea. Trace acid activates pepsinogen role in enhancing the absorption of active ingredients in feed, and producing chelation with minerals in feed to promote digestion and absorption of minerals, also be used as a supplement of calcium. For the prevention of diarrhea of piglets and improve survival, promote feed conversion and daily gain.

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9.4 Uses

1. Sodium formate is mainly for the production of formic acid, oxalic acid and insurance powder and so on.
2. It is used as the reagent for the determination of phosphorus and arsenic, disinfectant and mordant.
3. It is used as preservatives, with diuretic effect. It is mutatis mutandis in EEC countries, but the British are not allowed to use.
4. Sodium formate is used as intermediates in the production of formic acid and oxalic acid, but also for the production of dimethyl formamide, also used in medicine, printing and dyeing industry. It is also heavy metal precipitant.
5. It is used as alkyd paints, plasticizers, high explosives, acid-resistant materials, aviation lubricants, additives of adhesives.
6. It is used for precipitating noble metal, may form trivalent metal complex ions in the solution. With buffer effect, it can be used for correcting pH value of strong mineral acids to be higher. It is precipitant of heavy metal.

9.5 Production method

1. It is obtained in industrial by the reaction of carbon monoxide with sodium hydroxide at 150-170 ℃, about 2MPa. In fact, the production process of sodium formate is part of the production of sodium oxalate, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution for absorbing the reaction was 25%-30%. Sodium formate can be produced by the reaction of formic acid with oxygen or sodium bicarbonate. Material consumption fixed: Carbon monoxide (> 28%) 1630kg/t, caustic soda (> 30%) 2160kg/t. 2. It is the byproduct of pentaerythritol.
2. It is obtained by the reaction of carbon monoxide with sodium hydroxide at 160 ℃, 2MPa.

9.6 Description

Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder.

9.7 Chemical Properties

white crystals

9.8 Physical properties

White crystals; slightly hygroscopic; faint odor of formic acid; density 1.92 g/cm³; melts at 253°C; decomposes on further heating, first forming sodium oxalate and hydrogen and then sodium carbonate; very soluble in water; the aqueous solution neutral, pH about 7; soluble in glycerol; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

9.9 Uses

Sodium formate is used in several fabric dyeing and printing processes. It is also used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids to increase their pH, and as a food additive ( E237 ) .

9.10 Uses

Precipitant for noble metals.

9.11 Uses

In dyeing and printing fabrics; also In animal chemistry as a precipitant for the "noble" metals. Solubilizes trivalent metal ions in solution by forming complex ions. Buffering action adjusts the pH of strong mineral acids to higher values.

9.12 Definition

ChEBI: An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of formic acid.

9.13 Preparation

Sodium formate can be prepared in the laboratory by neutralizing formic acid with sodium carbonate. It can also be obtained by reacting chloroform with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide.
CHCl₃ + 4NaOH → HCOONa + 3NaCl + 2H₂O
or by reacting sodium hydroxide with chloral hydrate.
C₂HCl₃(OH)₂ + NaOH → CHCl₃ + HCOONa + H₂O
The latter method is, in general, preferred to the former because the low aqueous solubility of CHCl3 makes it easier to separate out from the sodium formate solution, by fractional crystallization, than the soluble NaCl would be.
For commercial use, sodium formate is produced by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in solid sodium hydroxide at 160 °C.
CO + NaOH → HCOONa
Sodium formate may also be created via the haloform reaction between ethanol and sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a base.

9.14 General Description

Sodium formate is the colorless sodium salt of formic acid. It can be prepared by reacting formic acid with sodium hydroxide or carbonate. Its crystal structure has been investigated. Its crystals exhibit monoclinic-holohedral symmetry.

9.15 Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NazO. See also FORMIC ACID.

9.16 Purification Methods

A saturated aqueous solution at 90o (0.8mL water/g) is filtered and allowed to cool slowly. (The final temperature should be above 30o to prevent formation of the hydrate.) After two such crystallissations, the crystals are dried in an oven at 130o, then under high vacuum. [Westrum et al. J Phys Chem 64 1553 1960, Roecker & Meyer J Am Chem Soc 108 4066 1986.] The salt has also been recrystallised twice from 1mM DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, which was recrystallised 4x from MilliQ water and dried in a vacuum), then twice from water [Bielski & Thomas J Am Chem Soc 109 7761 1987]. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.]

9.17 Storage Conditions

REACTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE & CARBON MONOXIDE|CARBON MONOXIDE & SODIUM HYDROXIDE ARE HEATED UNDER PRESSURE, ALSO FROM PENTAERYTHRITOL MANUFACTURE.

9.18 Experimental Properties

AT TEMP HIGHER THAN 253 °C, IT DECOMP INTO SODIUM OXALATE & HYDROGEN, THEN INTO SODIUM CARBONATE|AQ SOLN IS NEUTRAL; PH IS ABOUT 7; HAS BUFFERING ACTION|SOLUBILIZES TRIVALENT METAL IONS IN SOLN BY FORMING COMPLEX ION; HAS SLIGHT ODOR OF FORMIC ACID|SLIGHTLY HYGROSCOPIC

9.19 Physical Dangers

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

9.20 Storage features

Separated from strong acids. Dry. Well closed.

9.21 Fire Hazards

Combustible under specific conditions. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

9.22 Fire Potential

FIRE HAZARD: SLIGHT.

9.23 Spillage Disposal

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

9.24 Inhalation Risk

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

9.25 Effects Of Short Term Exposure

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

9.26 Exposure Prevention

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

9.27 Inhalation Prevention

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

9.28 Skin Prevention

Protective gloves.

9.29 Eye Pprevention

Wear safety goggles.

9.30 Metabolism

FORMATE ION IS EXTENSIVELY OXIDIZED IN VIVO...|GIVEN ORALLY TO NORMAL HUMAN, ABOUT 2.1% WAS ELIMINATED AS FORMIC ACID IN URINE IN 24 HR AFTER 2.96 & 4.4 G OF NA FORMATE.

9.31 First Aid

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

9.32 Antidote

FORMATES CAN BE METABOLIZED TO FORMIC ACID, HENCE TREATMENT AS FOR METHANOL SHOULD BE CONSIDERED.

9.33 Human Toxicity Excerpts

...APPEARS TO HAVE A LOW TOXICITY (10 G BY MOUTH WITHOUT ILL EFFECTS IN MAN).

9.34 Mesh Entry Terms

aluminum formate

9.35 Symptoms

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

9.36 Production

50,000,000 - 100,000,000 lb|(1972) 1.45X10+10 GRAMS (TECHNICAL GRADE)|(1975) 1.5X10+10 GRAMS (TECHNICAL GRADE)|(1986) No Data

9.37 Consumption Patterns

(FORMIC ACID) 48% IN DYEING & FINISHING TEXTILES; 15% IN LEATHER TANNING; 25% AS A CHEM INT; 12% IN OTHER APPLICATIONS (1973)

9.38 Formulations

GRADES: TECHNICAL; CP.|/Available as/ ACS, purified & technical grades

9.39 Manufacturing Info

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Formic acid, sodium salt (1:1): ACTIVE|NA FORMATE (0.5 MMOLE) INHIBITED ACCUMULATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN AND ERYTHROCYTE LYSIS CAUSED BY 2.6 & 3.3 MMOLE PRIMAQUINE.|Sodium formate appears in sodium methylate at 0.3%

9.40 Use Classification

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Enzymes and Enzyme Stabilizers;Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Cosmetics -> Buffering; Preservative

9.41 Usage

Sodium formate is used in analytical chemistry to precipitate noble metals. It is used for tanning leather, for dyeing and printing fabrics. It acts as an electroplating agent, an acidulant in the textile industry, a reducing agent, a mordant, a complexing agent. Further, it is used in photographic fixing baths. In addition, it is used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids and food additive.

9.42 Usage

Reducing agent, buffering agent, complexing agent, Noble metal precipitantSodium formate is used in analytical chemistry to precipitate noble metals. It is used for tanning leather, for dyeing and printing fabrics. It acts as an electroplating agent, an acidulant in the textile industry, a reducing agent, a mordant, a complexing agent. Further, it is used in photographic fixing baths. In addition, it is used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids and food additive.

• Molecular Weight: 68.01g/mol
• Molecular Formula: CHNaO₂
• Compound Is Canonicalized: True
• XLogP3-AA: null
• Exact Mass: 67.98742355
• Monoisotopic Mass: 67.98742355
• Complexity: 13.5
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
• Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.1
• Heavy Atom Count: 4
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
• Isotope Atom Count: 0
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
• CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADcQAAMCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEgAAAAAAAAAAAAMACAAAAAAIAAAAiAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==