Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, acids.- 2.12 StorageTemp
- 2-8°C
3. Use and Manufacturing
- 3.1 General Description
- Odorless white powder. Bitter taste.
- 3.2 GHS Classification
- Signal: Warning
GHS Hazard StatementsAggregated GHS information provided by 88 companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 10 of 88 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L websiteOf the 17 notification(s) provided by 78 of 88 companies with hazard statement code(s): H302 (89.74%): Harmful if swallowed [ Warning Acute toxicity, oral] Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.
Precautionary Statement Codes
P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, and P501
- 3.3 Methods of Manufacturing
- Prepn from guanidine; and beta-ethoxy-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylbenzalnitrile
- 3.4 Produe Method
- Use Trimethoxybenzaldehyde as raw material; first condense with methoxypropionitrile to produce 3'4'5'-trimethoxy-2-cyano-3-methoxy-propene; and cyclized together with guanidine nitrate in the presence of methanol/sodium methoxide.
- 3.5 Usage
- 1. It can be used as a synergistic antimicrobial drugs; it can also be used for treating bacterial infections and coccidiosis in poultry. 2. It is a novel orally administrated broad-spectrum antibiotics. It has a similar antibacterial spectrum with sulfa drugs but with a stronger potency. It is effective in treating a variety of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Since the bacteria is easy to evolve drug resistance to this product, it is not suitable to be used alone as an antimicrobial drug. The combination between trimethoprim and sulfa drugs can enhance the antibacterial activity by several times to several dozens of times. The product is mainly used for being as the synergistic drugs for sulfonamide drugs with a general ratio of 1: 5 for usage. It can also be used as a veterinary drug for treatment of avian sepsis caused by Escherichia coli, salmonellosis, fowl typhoid, cholera, and respiratory system secondary bacterial infections. It can also be used for the treatment of coccidiosis.3. Application: used as antibacterial synergistic drugs; treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and intestinal infections when being used alone.
4. Safety and Handling
- 4.1 Hazard Codes
- T
- 4.1 Risk Statements
- R25
- 4.1 Safety Statements
- S45
- 4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations
- Manufacturers, packers, and distributors of drug and drug products for human use are responsible for complying with the labeling, certification, and usage requirements as prescribed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (secs 201-902, 52 Stat. 1040 et seq., as amended; 21 U.S.C. 321-392).
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine tablets. (a) Each tablet contains 30 mg (5 mg of trimethoprim and 25 mg of sulfadiazine), 120 mg (20 mg of trimethoprim and 100 mg of sulfadiazine), 480 mg (80 mg of trimethoprim and 400 mg of sulfadiazine) or 960 mg (160 mg of trimethoprim and 800 mg of sulfadiazine) ... (c) Conditions of use: (1) The drug is used in dogs where systemic antibacterial action against sensitive organisms is required, either alone or as an adjunct to surgery or debridement with associated infection. The drug is indicated where control of bacterial infection is required during the treatment of acute urinary tract infections, acute bacterial complications of distemper, acute respiratory tract infections, acute alimentary tract infections, wound infections, and abscesses. ... (6) The drug should not be used in patients showing marked liver parenchymal damage or blood dyscrasia, nor in those with a history of sulfonamide sensitivity. (7) Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine oral paste. (a) Each gram of oral paste contains 400 mg (67 mg of trimethoprim and 333 mg of sulfadiazine) ... (c) Conditions of use: ... (2) Indications for use: For horses where systemic anti-bacterial action against sensitive organisms is required during treatment of acute strangles, respiratory infections, acute urogenital infections, and wound infections and abscesses. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine oral suspension. (a) Each ml of oral suspension contains 60 mg of drug (10 mg of trimethoprim and 50 mg of sulfadiazine) ... (c) Condition of use: Dogs: ... (2) Indications for use: The drug is used in dogs where systemic antibacterial action against sensitive organisms is required, either alone or as an adjunct to surgery or debridement with associated infection. The drug is indicated where control of bacterial infection is required during the treatment of acute urinary tract infections, acute bacterial complications of distemper, acute respiratory tract infections, acute alimentary tract infections, wound infections, and abscesses. ... Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine sterile suspension. (1) Each ml of sterile aq suspension contains 240 mg (40 mg of trimethoprim and 200 mg of sulfadiazine) ... (3) Conditions of use: ... (ii) Indications: For dogs for treatment of acute urinary tract infections, acute bacterial complications of distemper, acute respiratory tract infections, acute alimentary tract infections, and acute septicemia due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. (iii) Limitations: For sc use in dogs only ... Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine powder. (a) Each gram of powder contains 67 mg of trimethoprim and 333 mg of sulfadiazine ... (c) Conditions of use: ... (2) Indications: For control of bacterial infections of horses during treatment of acute strangles, respiratory tract infections, acute urogenital infections, wound infections, and abscesses. ... (3) ... Not for use in horses intended for food. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine sterile suspension. (1) Each ml of sterile aq suspension contains 480 mg (80 mg of trimethoprim and 400 mg of sulfadiazine (as the sodium salt)) ... (3) Conditions of use: ... (ii) Indications: For horses where systemic anti-bacterial action against sensitive organisms is required during treatment of acute strangles, respiratory tract infections, acute urogenital infections, and wound infections and abscesses. (iii) Limitations: For iv use; ... Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. /Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/
- 4.2 Packing Group
- III
- 4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient
- log Kow = 0.91
- 4.3 Fire Hazard
- Flash point data for Trimethoprim are not available. Trimethoprim is probably combustible.
- 4.4 Hazard Class
- 6.1(b)
- 4.4 DisposalMethods
- SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
- 4.5 RIDADR
- 3249
- 4.5 Formulations/Preparations
- Preparations: Tablets, 100 and 200 mg.
Component of Bactrin and Septra
- 4.6 WGK Germany
- 3
- 4.6 RTECS
- UV8225000
- 4.6 Safety
-
Hazard Codes:? T
Risk Statements: 25?
R25: Toxic if swallowed
Safety Statements: 45?
S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
RIDADR: 3249
WGK Germany: 3
RTECS: UV8225000
F: 8-10-21?
F 8: Photosensitive
F 10: Keep under argon
F 21: Sensitive to humidity
HazardClass: 6.1(b)
PackingGroup: III?
Use of 2,4-Diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (CAS NO.738-70-5) is contraindicated during pregnancy, especially the first trimester, and for sufferers of certain blood disorders. It is contraindicated?to use trimethoprim during pregnancy, especially the first trimester, and for sufferers of certain blood disorders. 2,4-Diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (CAS NO.738-70-5) also?may be involved in a reaction similar to disulfiram when alcohol is consumed after it is used, particularly when used in combination with sulfamethoxazole .It can also reduce clearance of creatinine at renal tubules.
- 4.7 Specification
-
Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the intermediate THYMIDINE monophoshpate (dTMP), precursor of DNA metabolite THYMIDINE triphosphate.?2,4-Diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (CAS NO.738-70-5) is also called as Trimethoprim ; Bactrim ; Bactrim ; Cotrim ; SMZ/TMP ; Septra ; Sulfatrim ; 2,4-Pyrimidinediamine, 5-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-methyl)- ;?5-((3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine ; 5-25-13-00429 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) ; Abaprim ;?Anitrim ; BRN 0625127 ; Bacidal ; Bacticel?;?CCRIS 2410 ; Co-Trimoxizole ; Cotrimel ; EINECS 212-006-2 ; Espectrin ; Fortrim ; Kombinax ; Monoprim ; Pancidim ; Resprim Forte ;?Sinotrim ; Sulmeprim ; Trimethoprime [INN-French] ; UNII-AN164J8Y0X ; Velaten ; component of Bactrim and so on.
- 4.8 Toxicity
-
| Organism |
Test Type |
Route |
Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) |
Effect |
Source |
| dog |
LDLo |
intravenous |
90mg/kg (90mg/kg) |
VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION |
Chemotherapy Vol. 14, Pg. 37, 1969.
? |
| mouse |
LD50 |
intraperitoneal |
400mg/kg (400mg/kg) |
? |
Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. Vol. (2), Pg. 34, 1998. |
| mouse |
LD50 |
intravenous |
132mg/kg (132mg/kg) |
? |
Journal of Chemotherapy. Vol. 5, Pg. 400, 1993.
? |
| mouse |
LD50 |
oral |
2764mg/kg (2764mg/kg) |
? |
United States Patent Document. Vol. #4180578, |
| mouse |
LD50 |
subcutaneous |
> 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg) |
? |
Chemotherapy Vol. 21, Pg. 175, 1973. |
| rat |
LD50 |
intraperitoneal |
500mg/kg (500mg/kg) |
? |
Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. Vol. (2), Pg. 34, 1998. |
| rat |
LD50 |
oral |
> 5300mg/kg (5300mg/kg) |
? |
Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. Vol. (2), Pg. 34, 1998. |
| rat |
LD50 |
subcutaneous |
> 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg) |
? |
Chemotherapy Vol. 21, Pg. 175, 1973. |
| women |
TDLo |
oral |
56mg/kg/7D-I (56mg/kg) |
KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: HEMATURIA
BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES
MUSCULOSKELETAL: JOINTS |
Postgraduate Medical Journal. Vol. 68, Pg. 391, 1992. |
| women |
TDLo |
oral |
60mg/kg/10D-I (60mg/kg) |
BLOOD: THROMBOCYTOPENIA |
New Zealand Medical Journal. Vol. 106, Pg. 251, 1993.
? |
5. MSDS
2.Hazard identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Acute toxicity - Oral, Category 4 2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements | Pictogram(s) |  | | Signal word | Warning | | Hazard statement(s) | H302 Harmful if swallowed | | Precautionary statement(s) | | | Prevention | P264 Wash ... thoroughly after handling. P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. | | Response | P301+P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026if you feel unwell. P330 Rinse mouth. | | Storage | none | | Disposal | P501 Dispose of contents/container to ... | 2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification none
7. Synthesis Route
738-70-5Total: 20 Synthesis Route
9. Other Information
- 9.0 Merck
- 14,9709
- 9.1 BRN
- 625127
- 9.2 Pyrimethamine class antibacterial agents
- Trimethoprim is a lipophilic and weak alkaline pyrimethamine class bacteriostatic agent. It is a white or almost white crystalline powder, odorless, bitter, and slightly soluble in chloroform, ethanol or and acetone, but almost insoluble in water and highly soluble in glacial acetic acid solution. It has an antibacterial spectrum which is similar with sulfa drugs, but with a strong antibacterial effect. It has a good effect on treating Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and a variety of other gram-positive and negative bacteria. But it is ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Its minimum inhibitory concentration is often less than 10 mg/L with using alone being easy to cause bacterial resistance, and thus it is generally not used alone, and mainly combined with sulfa drug to form compound preparation for clinical treatment of urinary tract infections, intestinal infections, respiratory infections, dysentery, enteritis, typhoid fever, meningitis, otitis media, meningitis, sepsis and soft tissue infections. It has an effect on treating typhoid and paratyphoid effect which is not less than ampicillin; It can also be combined with long-acting sulfa drugs for prevention and treatment of drug-resistant falciparum malaria.
The basic principle of anti-bacterial of trimethoprim is to interfere with folate metabolism in bacteria. The main mechanism of action is the selective inhibition of the activity of dihydrofolate reductase in bacteria so that dihydrofolate can’t be reduced to tetrahydrofolate. Since the synthesis of folic acid is the main part of a nucleic acid biosynthesis, and therefore the product prevents bacterial nucleic acids and proteins synthesis. Moreover, the binding affinity of trimethoprim (TMP) to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme is five times as strong as that to the mammalian dihydrofolate reductase. The combination between it with sulfa drugs can cause dual blockage to the folic acid biosynthesis metabolism of bacteria so that there is a synergistic effect which will enhance the antibacterial activity of sulfa drugs, and can turn antibacterial effect to bactericidal effect which reduce the drug-resistant strains. In addition, the product can also enhance the antibacterial effects of a variety of other antibiotics (such as tetracycline, gentamicin).
- 9.3 Side effects
- Trimethoprim (referred to as the TMP) has a low toxicity with commonly used dose causing rare cases of adverse reactions. Since the product can interfere with folate metabolism which may cause patients’ suffer from some adverse reactions of blood systems such as anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. This is commonly observed in cases of overdose or long duration of application. Therefore, during the treatment, it is necessary to regularly check blood condition. This product has the maximum daily dosage being lower than 0.5g with continuous medication time being less than one week. Upon blood system adverse reaction, the patient can orally administrate folic acid preparation for treatment. This product is not suitable to be simultaneously combined with anticancer drugs, antiepileptic drugs and other folic acid antagonists used; the combination between TMP and SMZ or SD even can cause crystallization of urine. Other adverse reactions also include mild skin rash and gastrointestinal reactions.
- 9.4 Chemical Properties
- White crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste. Melting point: 199-203 °C. It is insoluble in water, ether, benzene, and slightly soluble in chloroform, methanol, highly soluble in acetic acid.
- 9.5 Uses
- 1. It can be used as a synergistic antimicrobial drugs; it can also be used for treating bacterial infections and coccidiosis in poultry.
2. It is a novel orally administrated broad-spectrum antibiotics. It has a similar antibacterial spectrum with sulfa drugs but with a stronger potency. It is effective in treating a variety of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Since the bacteria is easy to evolve drug resistance to this product, it is not suitable to be used alone as an antimicrobial drug. The combination between trimethoprim and sulfa drugs can enhance the antibacterial activity by several times to several dozens of times. The product is mainly used for being as the synergistic drugs for sulfonamide drugs with a general ratio of 1: 5 for usage. It can also be used as a veterinary drug for treatment of avian sepsis caused by Escherichia coli, salmonellosis, fowl typhoid, cholera, and respiratory system secondary bacterial infections. It can also be used for the treatment of coccidiosis.
3. Application: used as antibacterial synergistic drugs; treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and intestinal infections when being used alone.
- 9.6 Production methods
- Use Trimethoxybenzaldehyde as raw material; first condense with methoxypropionitrile to produce 3'4'5'-trimethoxy-2-cyano-3-methoxy-propene; and cyclized together with guanidine nitrate in the presence of methanol/sodium methoxide.
- 9.7 Description
- Trimethoprim selectivity between bacterial and mammalian dihydrofolate reductases results from the subtle but significant architectural differences between these enzyme systems. Whereas the bacterial enzyme and the mammalian enzyme both efficiently catalyze the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, the bacterial enzyme is sensitive to inhibition by trimethoprim by up to 40,000-fold lower concentrations than the mouse enzyme is. This difference explains the useful selective toxicity of trimethoprim.
- 9.8 Chemical Properties
- Crystalline
- 9.9 Originator
- Eusaprim,Wellcome,Italy,1970
- 9.10 Uses
- anti-inflammatory
- 9.11 Uses
- An antibacterial agent which selectively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
- 9.12 Manufacturing Process
- 6 grams (0.26 mol) sodium was dissolved in 300 ml methanol under stirring and refluxing. 47.5 grams (0.55 mol) β-methoxypropionitrile and 98 grams (0.5 mol) 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde were added and the mixture refluxed gently for 4 hours. The mixture was then chilled and 150 ml of water was added. The product crystallized rapidly. Crystallization was allowed to proceed at 5° to 10°C under stirring for 1 hour. The product was filtered by suction and washed on the filter with 200 ml of 60% ice cold methanol. The crude material was air-dried and used for further steps without purification. It melted at 78° to 80°C. A pure sample, recrystallized from methanol, melted at 82°C. The yield of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2'-methoxymethylcinnamonitrile was 92 grams, corresponding to 70% of the theory.
19 grams (0.83 mol) sodium was dissolved in 300 ml methanol, 106 grams of 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2'-methoxymethylcinnamonitrile was added and the mixture gently refluxed for 24 hours. The solution, which had turned brown, was poured into 1 liter of water and the precipitated oil extracted repeatedly with benzene. The combined benzene layers (500 to 700 ml) were washed 3 times with 500 ml of water, the benzene removed by evaporation in a vacuum from a water bath, and the brown residual oil distilled in vacuo, boiling point 215° to 225°C/11 mm. The clear, viscous oil, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2'-cyano_x0002_dihydrocinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal, weighed 83 grams (71% of the theory), and showed a nD23 = 1.5230. It solidified upon standing. A sample recrystallized from methanol melted at 69° to 70°C and showed a strong melting point depression with the starting material; nD25 = 1.5190. 31.5 grams (0.107 mol) 3,4,5-trimethoxy-2'-cyano-dihydrocinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal was refluxed with methanolic guanidine solution (200 ml containing 0.25 mol of guanidine) for 2 hours. The methanol completely distilled off under stirring, finally from a bath of 110° to 120°C until the residue solidified completely to a yellowish crystalline mass. After allowing to cool, it was slurried with 100 ml of water and collected by vacuum filtration and dried. The yield of 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine amounted to 28 grams (91% of the theory). The material showed the correct melting point of 199° to 200°C and was, however, yellowish discolored. 20 grams of the above product was added to 30 ml of 3 N aqueous sulfuric acid at 60°C under stirring. The solution was chilled under stirring to 5° to 10°C. The crystalline sulfate was collected by vacuum filtration and washed on the filter twice with 10 ml of cold 3 N aqueous sulfuric acid each time. From the filtrate there was recovered 1.3 grams (6.5%) of discolored material melting at 195° to 196°C and which can be added to subsequent purification batches.
The sulfate on the filter was dissolved in 200 ml of hot water, the solution charcoaled hot, and the product precipitated from the clear colorless filtrate by the gradual addition of a solution of 20 grams of sodium hydroxide in 40 ml of water under chilling. The precipitate was filtered by suction and washed thoroughly with water on the filter. The white material, 17.5 grams (88%) showed the correct melting point of 200° to 201°C, according to US Patent 3,341,541.
- 9.13 Brand name
- Proloprim (Monarch); Trimpex (Roche).
- 9.14 Therapeutic Function
- Antibacterial (urinary)
- 9.15 Antimicrobial activity
- Trimethoprim has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is 20–100 times more active than sulfamethoxazole with respect to most bacterial forms. Trimethoprim is active with respect to Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and various types of Streptococcus and Listeria monocytogenes. Trimethoprim is inferior to sulfonamides against forms of Nocardia. It is active with respect to Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria such as most E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Providencia, Morganella, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia enterocolitica that are sensitive to trimethoprim. Trimethoprim is also active with respect to Legionella, Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas maltophila, P. cepacia, although P. aeruginosa is resistant to trimethoprim.
- 9.16 General Description
- Odorless white powder. Bitter taste.
- 9.17 Air & Water Reactions
- Insoluble in water.
- 9.18 Reactivity Profile
- Trimethoprim readily forms salts with acids. .
- 9.19 Fire Hazard
- Flash point data for Trimethoprim are not available. Trimethoprim is probably combustible.
- 9.20 Biochem/physiol Actions
- Inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate by procaryote specific dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).
- 9.21 Mechanism of action
- Haemophilus influenzae and H. ducreyi are sensitive to trimethoprim. Pathogenic Neisseria (meningococci and gonococci) and Branhamella catarrhalis are moderately resistant to trimethoprim, although they are very sensitive to a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Anaerobic bacteria in general are resistant to trimethoprim, although a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole does have an effect on them. Pneumocystis carinii is also sensitive to that combination.
Bacterial resistance to trimethoprim can originate because of a number of reasons: inability of the drug to penetrate through the membrane (P. aeruginosa); the presence of dihydrofolate reductase that is not sensitive to inhibition by trimethoprim; overproduction of dihydrofolate reductase and mutation expressed as thyminic dependence, when the organism requires exogenic thymine for synthesizing DNA, i.e. bypassing metabolic blockage caused by trimethoprim.
Resistance to a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is always less frequent than when any of these drugs is used separately. This combination of drugs, which is known by the commercial names cotrimoxazole, bactrim, biseptol, sulfatrim, and many others, is used for treating infections of the respiratory tract, infections of the urinary tract, gastric infections, surgical infections, enteritis, meningitis, and other diseases.
- 9.22 Clinical Use
- Trimethoprim (5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine or 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) is closely related to several antimalarialsbut does not have good antimalarial activity by itself; it is,however, a potent antibacterial. Originally introduced incombination with sulfamethoxazole, it is now available as asingle agent.
Approved by the FDA in 1980, trimethoprim as a singleagent is used only for the treatment of uncomplicatedurinary tract infections. The argument for trimethoprim asa single agent was summarized in 1979 by Wormser andDeutsch. They point out that several studies comparingtrimethoprim with TMP–SMX for the treatment ofchronic urinary tract infections found no statistically relevantdifference between the two courses of therapy.The concern is that when used as a single agent, bacterianow susceptible to trimethoprim will rapidly developresistance. In combination with a sulfonamide, however,the bacteria will be less likely to do so. That is, they willnot survive long enough to easily develop resistance toboth drugs.
- 9.23 Chemical Synthesis
- Trimethoprim, 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (33.1. 51), is synthesized in various ways. The first scheme of synthesis begins with ethyl ester of 3,4,5-trimethoxydehydrocinnamic acid, which is formylated with ethyl formate using sodium as a base to make an enol of the semialdehyde 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylmalonic ester (33.1.49), which undergoes a heterocyclization reaction with guanidine to make 2-amino- 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (33.1.50). Subsequent replacement of the hydroxyl group in the resulting product with chlorine using phosphorous oxychloride and then with an amino group using ammonia gives the desired trimethoprim.
All of the other syntheses begin with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde. According to one of them, condensation of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde with 3-ethoxy- or 3-anilinopropionitrile gives the corresponding benzylidene derivative (33.1.52), which upon direct reaction with guanidine gives trimethoprim.
Trimethoprim has also been synthesized by condensing 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde with malonic acid dinitrile in a Knoevenagel reaction, which forms the derivative (33.1.53), which is partially reduced to the enamine (33.1.54) by hydrogen using a palladium on carbon catalyst, which upon being reacted with guanidine is transformed into trimethoprim.
Finally, trimethoprim can be synthesized in a manner that also uses a Knoevenagel condensation of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde as the first step, but this time with ethyl cyanoacetate, which gives an ylidene derivative (33.1.55). The double bond in this product is reduced by hydrogen over a palladium on carbon catalyst, giving 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylcyanoacetic ester (33.1.56). Reacting this in a heterocyclization reaction with guanidine gives the desired trimethoprim.
- 9.24 Usage
- An antibacterial and inhibitor of formylation. Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor with selectivity for the prokaryote enzyme.Trimethoprim is an antibiotic involved in the treatment of urinary tract infections, middle ear infections and traveler?s diarrhea. It is associated with sulfamethoxazole and interferes with the cellular metabolism of folic acid in the bacterial cell by blocking the biosynthesis of nucleotides. Furthermore, It is also used to treat and prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.
10. Computational chemical data
- Molecular Weight: 290.323g/mol
- Molecular Formula: C14H18N4O3
- Compound Is Canonicalized: True
- XLogP3-AA: null
- Exact Mass: 290.13789045
- Monoisotopic Mass: 290.13789045
- Complexity: 307
- Rotatable Bond Count: 5
- Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
- Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
- Topological Polar Surface Area: 106
- Heavy Atom Count: 21
- Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
- Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
- Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
- Isotope Atom Count: 0
- Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
- CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADceBzsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA8QAAAAAAAAAABwAAAHgAQAAAADATBmgY/tpZIFACgAjJnZACCiCkxIKAB2CAuzJiNL6LE+VqENCotwBdK6CeQ4PwOIAABCAAAQABAAAIQAACAAAAAAAAAAA==
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