Xylene

Molecular Weight：106.165

Modify Date.: 2022-11-22 15:40

Introduction: As one of the most common chemicals used in industry, Xylene it is commonly found in ink, rubber, varnishes, adhesives, jet fuel, gasoline, pesticides, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and elsewhere. It can be used as a solvent and cleaner for acrylic antiquing sealers on concrete, a paint thinner, and a transfer agent for printed materials, among many other uses.In histology, it is used as a clearing agent to prepare samples for coverslipping, as well as tissue processing and staining. As a wax solvent, it can remove paraffin from slides prior to use.Paraxylene, one of its isomers, is also used as a precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, both important raw materials for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a type of plastic commonly used for bottles and other packaging. Various isomers of xylene are also used as a precursors for polyester fabric, tear gas, and other chemicals. View more+

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1. Names and Identifiers

1.1 Name: Xylene
1.2 Synonyms: ai3-02209-x benzene,dimethyl- caswellno906 Dimethyl benzene EINECS 215-535-7 ksylen MFCD00077264 m-xylene,o-xylene,p-xylene,mixture of o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene,mixture of SCINTILENE COCKTAIL SCINTIVERSE E COCKTAIL SCINTIVERSE I COCKTAIL SEALIT SEALANT xylenen XYLENES Xylenes,mixed isomers with ethylbenzene XYLOL xylole

1.3 CAS No.: 1330-20-7

1.4 CID: 7929

1.5 EINECS(EC#): 215-535-7

1.6 Molecular Formula: C8H10 (isomer)

1.7 Inchi: InChI=1/4C8H10/c1-7-3-5-8(2)6-4-7;1-7-4-3-5-8(2)6-7;1-7-5-3-4-6-8(7)2;1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3*3-6H,1-2H3;3-7H,2H2,1H3

1.8 InChIkey: IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.9 Canonical Smiles: CC1C(C)=CC=CC=1

1.10 Isomers Smiles: CC1C=CC(=CC=1)C.CC1=CC(=CC=C1)C.CC1C(=CC=CC=1)C.CCC1C=CC=CC=1

2. Properties

2.1 Density: 0.865

2.1 Melting point: -34℃

2.1 Boiling point: 136-140℃

2.1 Refractive index: 1.494-1.498

2.1 Flash Point: 21℃

2.2 Precise Quality: 106.07800

2.2 PSA: 0.00000

2.2 logP: 2.30340

2.2 Solubility: <0.1 g/L (20 ºC)

2.3 VaporDensity: 3.7 (vs air)

2.4 Appearance: colourless liquid

2.5 Storage: Ambient temperatures.

2.6 Carcinogenicity: Mixed xylene and the individual xyleneisomers have tested negative in a wide varietyof genotoxic assays; they are considered to benonmutagenic. The IARC has determined that there isinadequate evidence in humans and experimentalanimals for the carcinogenicity of xylenes.

2.7 Chemical Properties: Also known as dimethylbenzene, C6H4(CH3)2 is an isomeric mixture of 0- m-, and p-xylene. It is a clear liquid with various grades having different boiling points, that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol and ether,and used in aviation gasoline, coatings, lacquers, rubber cements, organic synthesis, and polyester resin manufacture.

2.8 Physical Properties: Xylene is benzene to which two methyl groups have been added to two carbon atoms in the benzene ring. The addition of two methyl groups gives three isomers of xylene labeled according to the relative positions of the methyl groups. Ortho-xylene has methyl groups on consecutive carbons in the ring, meta-xylene's metyl groups are separated by a single carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms, and para-xylene has the methyl groups on carbon atoms on opposite sides of the ring. The three xylene isomers are abbreviated using o-,m-, p- for ortho, meta, and para, respectively. Xylene is used both as a mixture, where it is referred to as xylenes or xylol, and as individual isomers. Because their boiling points are close, separation using distillation is difficult. Therefore isomers are separated using techniques such as recrystallization and adsorption. Xylenes are flammable, colorless liquids with a pleasant odor. Xylene was first isolated from coal tar in the mid-19th century. The name xylene comes from the Greek word for wood xulon because xylene was obtained from the distillation of wood in the absence of oxygen.

2.9 Color/Form: Clear, colorless liquid
Color: Saybolt units +30 (research, pure & technical grades)

2.10 Water Solubility: H2O: <0.1 g/L (20 oC)

2.11 Spectral Properties: Index of refraction: 1.4973 at 20 deg C/D
Negligible absorption above 290 nm
IR: 3578 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
UV: 317 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
1H NMR: 202 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)
C13 NMR: 297 (Johnson and Jankowski, Carbon-13 NMR Spectra, John Wiley and Sons, New York)
Raman 81 (Dollish et al., characteristic Raman Frequencies of organic compounds, John Wiley and Sons, New York)
MASS: 1349 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database, 1990 version); 326 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)

2.12 Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

2.13 StorageTemp: Flammables area

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 Definition: An organichydrocarbon present in the light-oilfraction of crude oil. It is used extensivelyas a solvent. There are three isomeric compoundswith this name and formula,distinguished as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dimethylbenzeneaccording to the positionsof the methyl groups on the benzene ring.

3.2 Purification Methods: Usual impurities are ethylbenzene, paraffins, traces of sulfur compounds and water. It is not practicable to separate the m-, and p-isomers of xylene by fractional distillation, although, with a sufficiently efficient still, o-xylene can be fractionally distilled from a mixture of isomers. Purify (and dry) by fractional distillation from LiAlH4, P2O5, CaH2 or sodium. This treatment can be preceded by shaking successively with conc H2SO4, water, aqueous 10% NaOH, water and mercury, and drying with CaCl2 for several days. Xylene can be purified by azeotropic distillation with 2-ethoxyethanol or 2-methoxyethanol, the distillate being washed with water to remove the alcohol, then dried and fractionally distilled. [Beilstein 5 H 360.] Xylene Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products

3.3 Usage: Xylene is used as a chemical feedstock in the chemical industry. Xylenes can undergooxidation where the side methyl groups are oxidized to give a carboxyl group (COOH)yielding a carboxylic acid. The particular acid produced depends on the isomer oxidized. Wheno-xylene is oxidized phthalic acid is produced, and when p-xylene is oxidized terephthalic acidresults. Terephthalic acid is one of the main feedstocks in making polyesters.Terephthalic acid reacts with ethylene glycol to form the ester polyethylene terephthalate(PET). PET is one of the most common plastics used as food and beverage containers. PETcontainers contain the recycling symbol with a number 1. PET is marketed using a numberof commercial names; the most generic of these is polyester. It is also the material known asDacron. Mylar is PET in the form of thin films. Although all three isomers of xylene are usedas chemical feedstocks, the greatest demand is for para-xylene to produce terephthalic acid.The smallest demand is for meta-xylene. Approximately 30 million tons of xylenes are usedannually worldwide.

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Symbol: GHS07, GHS08

4.1 Hazard Codes: Xn; F

4.1 Signal Word: Danger

4.1 Risk Statements: R10;R20/21;R36/38

4.1 Safety Statements: S25

4.1 Packing Group: II

4.1 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow = 3.20

4.2 Other Preventative Measures: SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
Skin that becomes contaminated with xylene should be promptly washed with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any xylene. Employees who handle liquid or solid xylene should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Xylenes/
A major concern in the painting studio is solvents, /including xylene/. ... Precautions include ... use of dilution and local exhaust ventilation, control of storage areas, disposal of solvent soaked rags in covered containers, minimizing skin exposure and the use of respirators and other personal protective equipment. The control of fire hazards is also important, since many of the solvents are highly flammable. /Xylenes/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. ... /Xylenes/
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Xylenes/

4.3 Hazard Class: 3

4.3 Hazard Declaration: H304-H312 + H332-H315-H319-H335-H373-H412

4.3 Cleanup Methods: Stop discharge if possible. Keep people away. Call fire department. Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Isolate and remove discharged material. Notify local health and pollution control agencies.
1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN PAPER IN SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES CAN BE RECLAIMED OR COLLECTED & ATOMIZED IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER. XYLENE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER CONFINED SPACE, SUCH AS SEWER. ... /XYLENES/
For spills on land, absorb remaining xylene with sand or vermiculite and put in metal containers for disposal. Activated carbon may be used on undissolved portion. /Xylenes/
For spills on water, contain and apply a universal gelling agent to solidify trapped mass then remove it. /Xylenes/
Soil: construct barriers to contain spill or divert to impermeable holding area. Remove material with pumps or vacuum equipment. Absorb residual liquid with natural or synthetic sorbents, shovel into containers with covers. /Xylenes/
Water: contain with booms, weirs, or natural barriers. Use (oil) skimming equipment or suction hoses to remove slick, followed by application of sorbents. /Xylenes/
Air: use water spray to control flammable vapor. Control runoff for later treatment and/or disposal. /Xylenes/
Spillage disposal: Shut off all possible sources of ignition. Wear face shield, goggles, laboratory coat, and nitrile rubber gloves. Cover spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand, then shovel into bucket and transport to fume hood for atmospheric evaporation. Ventilate site of spillage well to evaporate remaining liquid and dispel vapor. /Xylenes/
Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment. /Xylenes/
Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use surface active agent (e.g., detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by EPA. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. /Xylenes/
Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard. /Xylenes/

4.4 DisposalMethods: Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U239 and F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Xylenes/
Xylene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /Xylenes/
A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. /Xylenes/
Recommendable methods: Incineration, use as a boiler fuel, & evaporation.
Xylene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

4.5 DOT Emergency Guidelines: /GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not use straight streams. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /Xylenes/
/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Xylenes/

4.6 RIDADR: UN 1307

4.6 Fire Fighting Procedures: Foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Cool exposed containers with water.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Xylenes/

4.7 FirePotential: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame

4.8 Safety Profile: Moderately toxic byintraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.LWdly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Anexperimental teratogen. Human systemiceffects by inhalation: olfactory changes,conjunctiva irritation, and pulmonarychanges. Experimental reproductive effects.Mutation data reported. A human eyeirritant, An experimental skin and severe eyeirritant. Some temporary corneal effects arenoted, as well as some conjunctival irritationby instillation (adding drops to the eyes onedrop at a time). Irritation can start @ 200ppm. A very dangerous fire hazard whenexposed to heat or flame; can react withoxidzing materials. To fight fire, use foam,CO2, dry chemical. When heated todecomposition it emits acrid smoke andirritating fumes. See also other xyleneentries.

4.9 Caution Statement: P260-P280-P301 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338-P331

4.9 Formulations/Preparations: Grade: 95% (technical); 99%, 99.9% (research)
Present in high octane gasoline at 12.03 wt%

4.10 WGK Germany: 2

4.10 RTECS: ZE2100000

4.10 Protective Equipment and Clothing: Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum) ... to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid or solid xylene. Clothing contaminated with xylene should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of xylene from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered ... the person performing the operation should be informed of xylene's hazardous properties. /Xylenes/
Breakthrough times /for natural rubber, neoprene, and polyvinyl chloride/ less (usually significantly less) than one hr reported by (normally) two or more testers. /Xylenes/
Breakthrough times /for polyvinyl alcohol/ greater than one hr reported by (normally) two or more testers. Some data suggesting breakthrough times /for nitrile rubber/ of approx an hour or more. /Xylenes/
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 900 ppm Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 10 Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 25 Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 10 Any supplied-air respirator. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 50 Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 10,000 Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. APF = 10,000 Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus.
Respirator Recommendations: Escape conditions: Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 50 Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

4.11 Reactivities and Incompatibilities: An attempt to chlorinate xylene with 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidindione (dichlorohydrantoin) caused a violent explosion. The haloimide undergoes immediate self accelerating decomp in the presence of solvents. /Xylenes/
Can react with oxidizing materials.
Strong oxidizers, strong acids.

4.12 Report: Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. EPA Genetic Toxicology Program. Community Right-To-Know List.

4.13 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations: Xylene vapor may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. At high concentrations, xylene vapor may cause severe breathing difficulties which may be delayed in onset. Repeated or prolonged exposure ... may cause a skin rash. /Xylenes/
Vapor irritates eyes and mucous membranes ... Liquid irritates eyes and mucous membranes. /Xylenes/

4.14 Safety: Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: olfactory changes, conjunctiva irritation, and pulmonary changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A human eye irritant. An experimental skin and severe eye irritant. Some temporary corneal effects are noted, as well as some conjunctival irritation by instillation (adding drops to the eyes one drop at a time). Irritation can start @ 200 ppm. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use foam, CO₂, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Hazard Codes of Xylene (CAS NO.1330-20-7): Xn,F
Risk Statements: 10-20/21-36/38
R10: Flammable.
R20/21: Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin.
R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin.
Safety Statements: 25
S25: Avoid contact with eyes.
RIDADR: UN 1307 3/PG 3

4.15 Toxicity

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
guinea pig	LCLo	inhalation	450ppm (450ppm)	LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES LIVER: FATTY LIVER DEGERATION	Journal of Industrial Hygiene. Vol. 10, Pg. 261, 1928.
guinea pig	LDLo	intraperitoneal	2gm/kg (2000mg/kg)	LIVER: FATTY LIVER DEGERATION	American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 35, Pg. 21, 1974.
human	LDLo	oral	50mg/kg (50mg/kg)		Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 22, Pg. 883, 1980.
human	TCLo	inhalation	200ppm (200ppm)	SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER CHANGES: OLFACTION LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: CONJUNCTIVE IRRITATION: EYE	Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 25, Pg. 282, 1943.
mammal (species unspecified)	LC50	inhalation	30gm/m3 (30000mg/m3)		Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 32(10), Pg. 25, 1988.
mammal (species unspecified)	LD50	oral	4300mg/kg (4300mg/kg)		Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 32(10), Pg. 25, 1988.
mammal (species unspecified)	LDLo	intraperitoneal	2gm/kg (2000mg/kg)	PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: FLACCID PARALYSIS WITHOUT ANESTHESIA (USUALLY NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKAGE) BEHAVIORAL: IRRITABILITY BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD	American Journal of Hygiene. Vol. 7, Pg. 276, 1927.
man	LCLo	inhalation	10000ppm/6H (10000ppm)	BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES	British Medical Journal. Vol. 3, Pg. 442, 1970.
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	1548mg/kg (1548mg/kg)		Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. Vol. 18, Pg. 109, 1960.
mouse	LD50	oral	2119mg/kg (2119mg/kg)		EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 106(Suppl,
rabbit	LD50	skin	> 1700mg/kg (1700mg/kg)		Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 123, 1974.
rabbit	LDLo	intravenous	129mg/kg (129mg/kg)		Haematologica. Vol. 58, Pg. 491, 1973.
rat	LC50	inhalation	5000ppm/4H (5000ppm)		Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 123, 1974.
rat	LD50	intraperitoneal	2459mg/kg (2459mg/kg)		Environmental Research. Vol. 40, Pg. 411, 1986.
rat	LD50	oral	4300mg/kg (4300mg/kg)	LIVER: OTHER CHANGES KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES	AMA Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 14, Pg. 387, 1956.
rat	LD50	subcutaneous	1700mg/kg (1700mg/kg)		Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 123, 1974.

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5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Flammable liquids, Category 3

Acute toxicity - Dermal, Category 4

Skin irritation, Category 2

Acute toxicity - Inhalation, Category 4

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statement(s)	H226 Flammable liquid and vapour H312 Harmful in contact with skin H315 Causes skin irritation H332 Harmful if inhaled
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P233 Keep container tightly closed. P240 Ground and bond container and receiving equipment. P241 Use explosion-proof [electrical/ventilating/lighting/...] equipment. P242 Use non-sparking tools. P243 Take action to prevent static discharges. P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P264 Wash ... thoroughly after handling. P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
Response	P303+P361+P353 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower]. P370+P378 In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish. P302+P352 IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/... P312 Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026if you feel unwell. P321 Specific treatment (see ... on this label). P362+P364 Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P332+P313 If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P304+P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
Storage	P403+P235 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
Disposal	P501 Dispose of contents/container to ...

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

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6. Other Information

6.0 Merck: 14,10081

6.1 BRN: 1901563

6.2 Description: As one of the most common chemicals used in industry, Xylene it is commonly found in ink, rubber, varnishes, adhesives, jet fuel, gasoline, pesticides, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and elsewhere. It can be used as a solvent and cleaner for acrylic antiquing sealers on concrete, a paint thinner, and a transfer agent for printed materials, among many other uses.
In histology, it is used as a clearing agent to prepare samples for coverslipping, as well as tissue processing and staining. As a wax solvent, it can remove paraffin from slides prior to use.
Paraxylene, one of its isomers, is also used as a precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, both important raw materials for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a type of plastic commonly used for bottles and other packaging. Various isomers of xylene are also used as a precursors for polyester fabric, tear gas, and other chemicals.

6.3 References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylene
http://sciencing.com/uses-xylene-5544817.html
http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Xylene
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996004/
http://www.manmadediy.com/users/martin/posts/1374-how-to-make-a-gigantic-solvent-transfer
http://www.worldofchemicals.com/423/chemistry-articles/xylene-a-solvent-mixture-of-three-isomers.html

6.4 Description: Xylene is used as a solvent. In this application, the mixture of isomers is often referred to as xylenes or xylol. Solvent xylene often contains a small percentage of ethylbenzene. Like the individual isomers, the mixture is colourless, sweet smelling, and highly flammable. Application of xylene is extensive and includes, but is not limited to, printing, rubber, and leather industries.
Similarly, it is used as a cleaning agent for steel and silicon wafers. In the petroleum industry, xylene is also a frequent component of paraffin solvents, used when the tubing becomes clogged with paraffin wax. Xylene is incompatible with strong oxidisers and is known to cause fires and explosions. There are three forms of xylene in which the methyl groups vary on the benzene ring: (i) meta-xylene, (ii) ortho-xylene, and (iii) para-xylene. These forms are referred to as isomers. Xylene is a colourless, sweet-smelling liquid. Xylene occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar. Chemical industries produce xylene from petroleum. It is also used as a cleaning agent and a thinner for paint and in paints, in glues, in printing inks, and in varnishes. Xylene evaporates quickly from the soil and surface water into the air.

6.5 Chemical Properties: Also known as dimethylbenzene, C6H4(CH3)2 is an isomeric mixture of 0- m-, and p-xylene. It is a clear liquid with various grades having different boiling points, that is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol and ether,and used in aviation gasoline, coatings, lacquers, rubber cements, organic synthesis, and polyester resin manufacture.

6.6 Chemical Properties: Xylene occurs in the manufacture of different petroleum products and as an impurity in benzene and toluene. It is a colorless and flammable liquid. Commercial xylene is a mixture of three isomers, namely, ortho, meta, and para isomer. It is extensively used in different industries associated with paints, rubber, inks, resins, adhesives, paper coating, solvents, and emulsifi ers. Also, xylene is used as an important raw material in the manufacture of plasticizers, glass-reinforced polyesters, and alkyd resins.

6.7 Uses: Aviation gasoline; protective coatings; solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels, rubber cements; synthesis of organic chemicals.

6.8 General Description: A light colored to colorless liquid with a hydrocarbon odor. Flash point between 52 - 93°F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Vapors may irritate the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract. High vapor concentrations may cause central nervous system depression or damage. Liquid contact may irritate eyes and skin. Prolonged liquid contact mat result in defatting and drying of the skin. Avoid ingestion.

6.9 Air & Water Reactions: Highly flammable. Water insoluble.

6.10 Reactivity Profile: Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between these materials and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

6.11 Health Hazard: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

6.12 Health Hazard: Exposures to xylene cause toxicity and adverse health effects to animals and humans. Acute and chronic exposure to xylene induces adverse effects on the skin and respiratory system of animals and humans. Prolonged exposure to xylene demonstrated burning effect, drying, defatting of skin, eye irritation, lung congestion, CNS excitation, depression, mucosal hemorrhage, and mild liver damage

6.13 Safety Profile: Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. LWdly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by inhalation: olfactory changes, conjunctiva irritation, and pulmonary changes. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A human eye irritant, An experimental skin and severe eye irritant. Some temporary corneal effects are noted, as well as some conjunctival irritation by instillation (adding drops to the eyes one drop at a time). Irritation can start @ 200 ppm. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidzing materials. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also other xylene entries.

6.14 Purification Methods: Usual impurities are ethylbenzene, paraffins, traces of sulfur compounds and water. It is not practicable to separate the m-, and p-isomers of xylene by fractional distillation, although, with a sufficiently efficient still, o-xylene can be fractionally distilled from a mixture of isomers. Purify (and dry) by fractional distillation from LiAlH4, P2O5, CaH2 or sodium. This treatment can be preceded by shaking successively with conc H2SO4, water, aqueous 10% NaOH, water and mercury, and drying with CaCl2 for several days. Xylene can be purified by azeotropic distillation with 2-ethoxyethanol or 2-methoxyethanol, the distillate being washed with water to remove the alcohol, then dried and fractionally distilled. [Beilstein 5 H 360.]

6.15 Usage: Xylene is used as a solvent in pharmaceutical, printing, rubber and leather industries. It is an important component of ink, rubber and adhesives as well as thinning paints and varnishes. It is used in the laboratory to make baths with dry ice to cool reaction vessels and as a solvent to remove synthetic immersion oil from the microscope objective in light microscopy. It finds application as a short-term hydrophobic clearing agent of tissue samples by histologists. It is a precursor for the preparation of xylene dichlorides, xylyl bromide, terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate. It acts as a cleaning agent for steel, silicon wafers and integrated circuits.

6.16 Usage: Xylene is used as a solvent in pharmaceutical, printing, rubber, and leather industries. It is an important component of ink, rubber and adhesives as well as in thinning paints and varnishes. It is used in the laboratory to make baths with dry ice to cool reaction vessels, and as a solvent to remove synthetic immersion oil from the microscope objective in light microscopy. It finds application as a short-term hydrophobic clearing agent of tissue samples by histologists. It is a precursor for the preparation of xylene dichlorides, xylyl bromide, terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate.

6.17 Physical properties: Xylene is benzene to which two methyl groups have been added to two carbon atoms in the benzene ring. The addition of two methyl groups gives three isomers of xylene labeled according to the relative positions of the methyl groups. Ortho-xylene has methyl groups on consecutive carbons in the ring, meta-xylene's metyl groups are separated by a single carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms, and para-xylene has the methyl groups on carbon atoms on opposite sides of the ring. The three xylene isomers are abbreviated using o-,m-, p- for ortho, meta, and para, respectively. Xylene is used both as a mixture, where it is referred to as xylenes or xylol, and as individual isomers. Because their boiling points are close, separation using distillation is difficult. Therefore isomers are separated using techniques such as recrystallization and adsorption. Xylenes are flammable, colorless liquids with a pleasant odor. Xylene was first isolated from coal tar in the mid-19th century. The name xylene comes from the Greek word for wood xulon because xylene was obtained from the distillation of wood in the absence of oxygen.

6.18 Uses: Xylene is used as a chemical feedstock in the chemical industry. Xylenes can undergooxidation where the side methyl groups are oxidized to give a carboxyl group (COOH)yielding a carboxylic acid. The particular acid produced depends on the isomer oxidized. Wheno-xylene is oxidized phthalic acid is produced, and when p-xylene is oxidized terephthalic acidresults. Terephthalic acid is one of the main feedstocks in making polyesters.Terephthalic acid reacts with ethylene glycol to form the ester polyethylene terephthalate(PET). PET is one of the most common plastics used as food and beverage containers. PETcontainers contain the recycling symbol with a number 1. PET is marketed using a numberof commercial names; the most generic of these is polyester. It is also the material known asDacron. Mylar is PET in the form of thin films. Although all three isomers of xylene are usedas chemical feedstocks, the greatest demand is for para-xylene to produce terephthalic acid.The smallest demand is for meta-xylene. Approximately 30 million tons of xylenes are usedannually worldwide.

6.19 Uses: Solvent; manufacture of certain organic compounds; cleaning agent; component of fuels.

6.20 Production Methods: Xylene is produced by catalytic reforming, and, depending on the feedstock, yields of >85% can be achieved. Commercially, xylene is also recovered from coal tar, yielding a typical mixture of about 10–20% ortho, 40–70% meta, and 10–25% para isomer. Impurities include ethylbenzene, benzene, toluene, phenol, thiophene, and pyridine (53, 438).

6.21 Definition: An organic hydrocarbon present in the light-oil fraction of crude oil. It is used extensively as a solvent. There are three isomeric compounds with this name and formula, distinguished as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene according to the positions of the methyl groups on the benzene ring.

6.22 General Description: A light colored to colorless liquid with a hydrocarbon odor. Flash point between 52 - 93°F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Vapors may irritate the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract. High vapor concentrations may cause central nervous system depression or damage. Liquid contact may irritate eyes and skin. Prolonged liquid contact mat result in defatting and drying of the skin. Avoid ingestion.

6.23 Carcinogenicity: Mixed xylene and the individual xylene isomers have tested negative in a wide variety of genotoxic assays; they are considered to be nonmutagenic. The IARC has determined that there is inadequate evidence in humans and experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of xylenes.

6.24 Environmental Fate: Xylene is an eight carbon aromatic hydrocarbon compound that is a minor component of all gasoline. Xylene is a colorless, flammable liquid that is about 14% lighter than water. It has a sweet, pungent odor. Xylene has a molecular weight of 106.7 g mol1. At 25 C, xylene has a solubility in water of 106 mg l1, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.6–8.8mm Hg and a Henry’s law constants ranging from 5.18 103 to 7.18 103 atm-m3 mole1. The log octanol/ water partition coefficient is 3.12. Conversion factors for xylene in air are as follows: 1 mgm3 ? 0.23 ppm; 1 ppm? 4.36 mgm3.
If released to air, the moderate vapor pressure predicts xylene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase xylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. Xylenes do not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore are not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight.
If released into water, xylene would only moderately adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon an estimated Koc range of 36–365. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be the dominant fate process based upon the estimated Henry’s law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 h and 4 days, respectively. Using a standard biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) dilution technique and an activated sewage inoculum, a theoretical BOD of 72% was observed over a 20-day incubation period for a mixture of xylene isomers, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.
If released to soil, xylene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in the subsurface based upon the range of known Koc values. Volatilization of xylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process. Xylene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on the moderate vapor pressure.
Using a measured log Kow of 3.12, the USEPA’s EPI Suite computer program estimates both a bioconcentration factor and a bioaccumulation factor of 110.7. These predicted bioaccumulation and biomagnifications values are relatively low.
Xylene would therefore not be expected to be found in the tissues of fish or wildlife as (1) xylene contains no persistent functional groups (e.g., chlorine, bromine); (2) exposure would be expected to be low based on a low half-life in the environment; and (3) subsequent to exposure, trace levels of xylene would be rapidly metabolized by the liver (similar to what is seen with other organic compounds).

6.25 Toxicity evaluation: The mechanism of toxicity is suspected to be similar to other solvents that rapidly induce anesthesia-like effects, i.e., a ‘nonspecific narcosis’ due to disruption (solvation) of the integrity of the cellular membranes of the central nervous system (CNS). The effect is similar to the ‘high’ experienced upon exposure to other hydrocarbon solvents.
As seen with exposure to other hydrocarbon solvents, upon inhalation, xylene is moderately toxic and may cause irritation of the respiratory tract and narcosis. Xylene appears to produce reversible effects upon the liver, renal, and nervous systems. The nervous system appears to be the most sensitive to the effects of xylene. High level xylene exposures produced incoordination, ataxia, unconsciousness and eventually, death. Lower level acute exposures in man produce dizziness, exhilaration, and confusion. Although the actual biochemical mechanism of toxicity has not been discerned, the narcotic effects seen are most likely related to its physical solvent properties.

7. Computational chemical data

Molecular Weight: 106.165g/mol
Molecular Formula: C₈H₁₀
Compound Is Canonicalized: True
XLogP3-AA: null
Exact Mass: 106.078250319
Monoisotopic Mass: 106.078250319
Complexity: 58.4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint: AAADccBwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAGAAAAAAADACAGAAyAIAAAACAAiBCAAACAAAgAAAIiAAAAIgIICKAERCAIAAggAAIiAcAgEAOAAACAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

8. Question & Answer

What is Xylene? Apr 23 2021
What is Xylene? Xylene is a colorless liquid that had a sweet odor. Xylene is flammable and practically insoluble. Xylene is primarily a synthetic chemical; however, it can occur naturally in petroleum, coal tar, and during forest fires. There are three forms of xylene: meta-xylene, ortho-xylene an...

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