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The Phosphoric acid Lewis structure is P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; the central P has 4 electron domains (0 lone pairs), giving a tetrahedral electron-domain arrangement and a tetrahedral molecular geometry with a 109.5° bond angle. P is best described as sp3-hybridized, and Phosphoric acid is nonpolar because the bond dipoles cancel by molecular symmetry.
Figure 1: Lewis Structure of Phosphoric acid (H3O4P)
| Chemical Formula | H3O4P |
| CAS Number | 7664-38-2 |
| Total Valence Electrons | 32 |
| Lewis Structure | P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond |
| Electron-Domain Geometry | tetrahedral |
| Molecular Geometry | tetrahedral |
| Hybridization Model | sp3 (central P) |
| Bond Angle | 109.5° |
| Polarity | Nonpolar molecule |
As a hydride of P, Phosphoric acid is typically a strong reducing agent, a potential fuel component, or a precursor in inorganic and organometallic synthesis. Many pnictogen/sulfur hydrides are toxic, foul-smelling and pyrophoric or flammable, and are handled with appropriate ventilation and inert-atmosphere technique.
To draw the Phosphoric acid Lewis structure we first count the total valence electrons. H3O4P contains 3×1 (H) + 4×6 (O) + 5 (P); the net charge of 0 gives a total of 32 valence electrons to place.
The central atom is P. It is the least electronegative atom capable of forming multiple bonds and is surrounded by the more electronegative terminal atom(s); hydrogen, when present, always occupies a terminal position. Electronegativity considerations place the electron density toward the terminal atom(s).
Total valence electrons = 3×1 (H) + 4×6 (O) + 5 (P) = 32 electrons.
Place P at the center and connect each surrounding atom with a single bond, complete octets on the terminal atoms, and place any remaining electrons on the central atom. The resulting electron distribution is: P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; no lone pairs on P.
Counting bonding and nonbonding electrons around P therefore satisfies the octet/expanded-octet requirement for the drawn structure.
This species is best represented by resonance structures; the π bonding is delocalized over the equivalent terminal atom(s), so all P–terminals bonds are equivalent in the resonance hybrid.
VSEPR theory states that the 4 electron domains around P arrange to minimize mutual repulsion, giving an tetrahedral electron-domain geometry.
Because 0 of these domains are lone pair(s) — and lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs — the observed molecular geometry is tetrahedral; the P bond angle is set to 109.5° rather than the ideal value for the electron-domain geometry.
A useful VSEPR approximation is: lone pair–lone pair repulsion > lone pair–bonding pair repulsion > bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion. With 0 lone pair(s) on P, the lone-pair domains occupy positions that minimize overall repulsion while pushing the bonding domains (and therefore the bonded atoms) closer together.
In the conventional localized-bond model, P uses sp3 hybrid orbitals to form the 4 equivalent electron-domain directions (4 bonding + 0 lone pair).
Formal charge on central P = V − N − ½B = 5 − 0 − ½×10 = 0. The preferred Lewis structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom (and on the terminals), so it is the dominant contributor.
Phosphoric acid is nonpolar. Although individual P–terminal bonds are polar when the atoms differ in electronegativity, the tetrahedral geometry makes their vector sum zero, so there is no net molecular dipole.
A common misconception is that polar bonds guarantee a polar molecule. Phosphoric acid shows the opposite: identical bond dipoles arranged with tetrahedral symmetry cancel exactly, yielding a nonpolar species.
Interpretation consistent with standard VSEPR / molecular-geometry references.Its nonpolar character governs solvation and intermolecular behavior; specify grade and handling when sourcing.
| Species | Formula | Central Atom | Electron Domains | Molecular Geometry | Polarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphoric acid | H3O4P | P | 4 | tetrahedral | Nonpolar |
| Phosphine | H3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus trichloride | Cl3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus pentachloride | Cl5P | P | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | Nonpolar |
| Phosphorus trifluoride | F3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus pentafluoride | F5P | P | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | Nonpolar |
Phosphoric acid is nonpolar. Its tetrahedral symmetry cancels the bond dipoles exactly.
P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; no lone pairs on P. It uses all 32 valence electrons and the preferred structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom.
The P angle is about 109.5°. Lone-pair repulsion compresses the angle from the ideal tetrahedral value.
The conventional model is sp3. Phosphoric acid has 4 electron domains around the central P.
The CAS number is 7664-38-2. PubChem (CID 1004) and NIST identify this with H3O4P; use it to locate suppliers and database records.
Technical scope: Lewis structures, VSEPR and hybridization are model-based descriptions for chemical communication and structure prediction; actual molecular electronic structure is more accurately represented by molecular-orbital and quantum-chemical methods. Commercial grades vary substantially by supplier and intended use; CAS 7664-38-2 identifies the substance, not a universal purity specification.
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