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The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Lewis structure is P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; the central P has 4 electron domains (0 lone pairs), giving a tetrahedral electron-domain arrangement and a tetrahedral molecular geometry with a 109.5° bond angle. P is best described as sp3-hybridized, and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is nonpolar because the bond dipoles cancel by molecular symmetry.
Figure 1: Lewis Structure of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (C10H16N5O13P3)
| Chemical Formula | C10H16N5O13P3 |
| CAS Number | 56-65-5 |
| Total Valence Electrons | 174 |
| Lewis Structure | P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond |
| Electron-Domain Geometry | tetrahedral |
| Molecular Geometry | tetrahedral |
| Hybridization Model | sp3 (central P) |
| Bond Angle | 109.5° |
| Polarity | Nonpolar molecule |
This organic compound is used as a solvent, intermediate or specialty reagent in fine-chemical, pharmaceutical and materials synthesis; specify grade and impurity profile when sourcing.
To draw the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Lewis structure we first count the total valence electrons. C10H16N5O13P3 contains 10×4 (C) + 16×1 (H) + 5×5 (N) + 13×6 (O) + 3×5 (P); the net charge of 0 gives a total of 174 valence electrons to place.
The central atom is P. It is the least electronegative atom capable of forming multiple bonds and is surrounded by the more electronegative terminal atom(s); hydrogen, when present, always occupies a terminal position. Electronegativity considerations place the electron density toward the terminal atom(s).
Total valence electrons = 10×4 (C) + 16×1 (H) + 5×5 (N) + 13×6 (O) + 3×5 (P) = 174 electrons.
Place P at the center and connect each surrounding atom with a single bond, complete octets on the terminal atoms, and place any remaining electrons on the central atom. The resulting electron distribution is: P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; no lone pairs on P.
Counting bonding and nonbonding electrons around P therefore satisfies the octet/expanded-octet requirement for the drawn structure.
This species is best represented by resonance structures; the π bonding is delocalized over the equivalent terminal atom(s), so all P–terminals bonds are equivalent in the resonance hybrid.
VSEPR theory states that the 4 electron domains around P arrange to minimize mutual repulsion, giving an tetrahedral electron-domain geometry.
Because 0 of these domains are lone pair(s) — and lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs — the observed molecular geometry is tetrahedral; the P bond angle is set to 109.5° rather than the ideal value for the electron-domain geometry.
A useful VSEPR approximation is: lone pair–lone pair repulsion > lone pair–bonding pair repulsion > bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion. With 0 lone pair(s) on P, the lone-pair domains occupy positions that minimize overall repulsion while pushing the bonding domains (and therefore the bonded atoms) closer together.
In the conventional localized-bond model, P uses sp3 hybrid orbitals to form the 4 equivalent electron-domain directions (4 bonding + 0 lone pair).
Formal charge on central P = V − N − ½B = 5 − 0 − ½×10 = 0. The preferred Lewis structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom (and on the terminals), so it is the dominant contributor.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is nonpolar. Although individual P–terminal bonds are polar when the atoms differ in electronegativity, the tetrahedral geometry makes their vector sum zero, so there is no net molecular dipole.
A common misconception is that polar bonds guarantee a polar molecule. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) shows the opposite: identical bond dipoles arranged with tetrahedral symmetry cancel exactly, yielding a nonpolar species.
Interpretation consistent with standard VSEPR / molecular-geometry references.Its nonpolar character governs solvation and intermolecular behavior; specify grade and handling when sourcing.
| Species | Formula | Central Atom | Electron Domains | Molecular Geometry | Polarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | C10H16N5O13P3 | P | 4 | tetrahedral | Nonpolar |
| Phosphine | H3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus trichloride | Cl3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus pentachloride | Cl5P | P | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | Nonpolar |
| Phosphorus trifluoride | F3P | P | 4 | trigonal pyramidal | Polar |
| Phosphorus pentafluoride | F5P | P | 5 | trigonal bipyramidal | Nonpolar |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is nonpolar. Its tetrahedral symmetry cancels the bond dipoles exactly.
P–O single bond, P–O double bond, P–O single bond and P–O single bond; no lone pairs on P. It uses all 174 valence electrons and the preferred structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom.
The P angle is about 109.5°. Lone-pair repulsion compresses the angle from the ideal tetrahedral value.
The conventional model is sp3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has 4 electron domains around the central P.
The CAS number is 56-65-5. PubChem (CID 5957) and NIST identify this with C10H16N5O13P3; use it to locate suppliers and database records.
Technical scope: Lewis structures, VSEPR and hybridization are model-based descriptions for chemical communication and structure prediction; actual molecular electronic structure is more accurately represented by molecular-orbital and quantum-chemical methods. Commercial grades vary substantially by supplier and intended use; CAS 56-65-5 identifies the substance, not a universal purity specification.
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