Mercury(II) chloride Lewis Structure

Mercury(II) chloride Lewis Structure: Cl₂Hg Lewis Structure, linear Geometry, sp Hybridization & Polarity

Mercury(II) chloride Key Facts

The Mercury(II) chloride Lewis structure is X–Cl single bond and X–Cl single bond; the central X has 2 electron domains (0 lone pairs), giving a linear electron-domain arrangement and a linear molecular geometry with a 180° bond angle. X is best described as sp-hybridized, and Mercury(II) chloride is nonpolar because the bond dipoles cancel by molecular symmetry.

Figure 1: Lewis Structure of Mercury(II) chloride (Cl₂Hg)

Chemical Formula	Cl₂Hg
CAS Number	7487-94-7
Total Valence Electrons	14
Lewis Structure	X–Cl single bond and X–Cl single bond
Electron-Domain Geometry	linear
Molecular Geometry	linear
Hybridization Model	sp (central X)
Bond Angle	180°
Polarity	Nonpolar molecule

PubChem (CID 24085) and NIST list Mercury(II) chloride as Cl ₂Hg with CAS 7487-94-7; molecular weight ≈ 271.50 g/mol. View CAS 7487-94-7 dictionary details on Guidechem →

Applications of Mercury(II) chloride (CAS 7487-94-7)

This organic compound is used as a solvent, intermediate or specialty reagent in fine-chemical, pharmaceutical and materials synthesis; specify grade and impurity profile when sourcing.

Solvent / Reagent Medium for reactions, extraction or formulation.

Intermediate Building block for downstream derivatives.

Specialty Use Targeted role in pharma/fragrance/materials.

Procurement Note "Mercury(II) chloride" is supplied in multiple commercial grades and package sizes. Specify purity, grade, moisture/impurity limits, package (cylinder, drum or bulk) and intended process, and use CAS 7487-94-7 as the primary identifier when screening suppliers; always confirm regional availability and safety documentation (SDS).

Step 1 - Valence Electrons & Central Atom

To draw the Mercury(II) chloride Lewis structure we first count the total valence electrons. Cl₂Hg contains 2×7 (Cl); the net charge of 0 gives a total of 14 valence electrons to place.

The central atom is X. It is the least electronegative atom capable of forming multiple bonds and is surrounded by the more electronegative terminal atom(s); hydrogen, when present, always occupies a terminal position. Electronegativity considerations place the electron density toward the terminal atom(s).

Valence-electron count

Total valence electrons = 2×7 (Cl) = 14 electrons.

Step 2 - Lewis Structure & Electron Distribution

Place X at the center and connect each surrounding atom with a single bond, complete octets on the terminal atoms, and place any remaining electrons on the central atom. The resulting electron distribution is: X–Cl single bond and X–Cl single bond; no lone pairs on X.

Counting bonding and nonbonding electrons around X therefore satisfies the octet/expanded-octet requirement for the drawn structure.

X–Cl X–Cl

X: 0 lone pairs, 2 bonding domains

2 bonding domains + 0 lone pairs = 2 electron domains

Octet Rule: Why X Has Eight Electrons X forms 2 bond(s) and retains 0 nonbonding electron(s), reaching an octet. No expanded octet is required for this second-row (or octet-satisfying) central atom.

Step 3 - VSEPR Theory & Geometry

VSEPR theory states that the 2 electron domains around X arrange to minimize mutual repulsion, giving an linear electron-domain geometry.

Because 0 of these domains are lone pair(s) — and lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs — the observed molecular geometry is linear; the X bond angle is set to 180° rather than the ideal value for the electron-domain geometry.

Repulsion hierarchy

A useful VSEPR approximation is: lone pair–lone pair repulsion > lone pair–bonding pair repulsion > bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion. With 0 lone pair(s) on X, the lone-pair domains occupy positions that minimize overall repulsion while pushing the bonding domains (and therefore the bonded atoms) closer together.

Hybridization & Formal Charge

In the conventional localized-bond model, X uses sp hybrid orbitals to form the 2 equivalent electron-domain directions (2 bonding + 0 lone pair).

Formal-charge check

Formal charge on central X = V − N − ½B = 4 − 0 − ½×4 = 0. The preferred Lewis structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom (and on the terminals), so it is the dominant contributor.

Modeling Note Modeling Note: sp is a compact model for the 2 electron-domain directions around X; full quantum-chemical treatments use molecular orbitals.

Is Mercury(II) chloride Polar or Nonpolar?

Mercury(II) chloride is nonpolar. Although individual X–terminal bonds are polar when the atoms differ in electronegativity, the linear geometry makes their vector sum zero, so there is no net molecular dipole.

Expert Quote — Structural Chemistry Perspective

A common misconception is that polar bonds guarantee a polar molecule. Mercury(II) chloride shows the opposite: identical bond dipoles arranged with linear symmetry cancel exactly, yielding a nonpolar species.

Interpretation consistent with standard VSEPR / molecular-geometry references.

Its nonpolar character governs solvation and intermolecular behavior; specify grade and handling when sourcing.

Structural Comparison Table

Species	Formula	Central Atom	Electron Domains	Molecular Geometry	Polarity
Mercury(II) chloride	Cl₂Hg	X	2	linear	Nonpolar
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	C	2	linear	Nonpolar
Carbon monoxide	CO	C	2	linear (diatomic)	Polar
Carbon disulfide	CS₂	C	2	linear	Nonpolar

Practice question Starting from the 14 valence electrons of Cl₂Hg, draw the Lewis structure and confirm the central X atom is sp-hybridized with linear geometry. What happens to the bond angle if one terminal atom is replaced by a more electronegative substituent?

Looking for industrial bulk or specified-grade supplies of Mercury(II) chloride (CAS 7487-94-7)? Browse Supplier on Guidechem →

FAQs

Is Cl₂Hg polar or nonpolar?

Mercury(II) chloride is nonpolar. Its linear symmetry cancels the bond dipoles exactly.

What is the Lewis structure of Mercury(II) chloride?

X–Cl single bond and X–Cl single bond; no lone pairs on X. It uses all 14 valence electrons and the preferred structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom.

What is the bond angle in Mercury(II) chloride?

The X angle is about 180°. Lone-pair repulsion compresses the angle from the ideal linear value.

What is the hybridization of X in Mercury(II) chloride?

The conventional model is sp. Mercury(II) chloride has 2 electron domains around the central X.

What is the CAS number of Mercury(II) chloride?

The CAS number is 7487-94-7. PubChem (CID 24085) and NIST identify this with Cl₂Hg; use it to locate suppliers and database records.

References

PubChem CID 24085, Mercury(II) chloride. Molecular formula, CAS number, molecular weight and chemical identity.
NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69, Mercury(II) chloride. Formula, CAS Registry Number and thermochemical / spectroscopic data.
IUPAC Gold Book. Definitions for "lone pair", "VSEPR", "hybridization" and "formal charge".
Atkins, P. & de Paula, J., Physical Chemistry. VSEPR, molecular geometry and dipole moments.
Guidechem supplier & dictionary records. Commercial sourcing and CAS-linked property pages for Mercury(II) chloride (CAS 7487-94-7).

Technical scope: Lewis structures, VSEPR and hybridization are model-based descriptions for chemical communication and structure prediction; actual molecular electronic structure is more accurately represented by molecular-orbital and quantum-chemical methods. Commercial grades vary substantially by supplier and intended use; CAS 7487-94-7 identifies the substance, not a universal purity specification.

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Mercury(II) chloride Lewis Structure

Mercury(II) chloride Lewis Structure