Phosphorus Lewis Structure

Phosphorus Lewis Structure: P Lewis Structure, see text Geometry, sp2 Hybridization & Polarity

Phosphorus Key Facts

The Phosphorus Lewis structure is central P bonded; the central P has 3 electron domains (2 lone pairs), giving a trigonal planar electron-domain arrangement and a see text molecular geometry with a — bond angle. P is best described as sp2-hybridized, and Phosphorus is polar because the see text shape (and/or unequal terminal atoms) prevents cancellation of the bond dipoles.

Figure 1: Lewis Structure of Phosphorus (P)

Chemical Formula	P
CAS Number	7723-14-0
Total Valence Electrons	5
Lewis Structure	central P bonded
Electron-Domain Geometry	trigonal planar
Molecular Geometry	see text
Hybridization Model	sp2 (central P)
Bond Angle	—
Polarity	Polar molecule

PubChem (CID 5462309) and NIST list Phosphorus as P with CAS 7723-14-0; molecular weight ≈ 30.97376200 g/mol. View CAS 7723-14-0 dictionary details on Guidechem →

Applications of Phosphorus (CAS 7723-14-0)

Phosphorus is encountered as a reagent, intermediate or specialty chemical in inorganic, organometallic and materials synthesis. Confirm grade, purity and supplier documentation (SDS) before specifying for a process.

Reagent / Intermediate Used in synthesis and formulation where the substance's reactivity is required.

Specialty Chemical Specified by grade for the intended process or research use.

Sourcing Verify purity, package and regional availability via the CAS identifier.

Procurement Note "Phosphorus" is supplied in multiple commercial grades and package sizes. Specify purity, grade, moisture/impurity limits, package (cylinder, drum or bulk) and intended process, and use CAS 7723-14-0 as the primary identifier when screening suppliers; always confirm regional availability and safety documentation (SDS).

Step 1 - Valence Electrons & Central Atom

To draw the Phosphorus Lewis structure we first count the total valence electrons. P contains 5 (P); the net charge of 0 gives a total of 5 valence electrons to place.

The central atom is P. It is the least electronegative atom capable of forming multiple bonds and is surrounded by the more electronegative terminal atom(s); hydrogen, when present, always occupies a terminal position. Electronegativity considerations place the electron density toward the terminal atom(s).

Valence-electron count

Total valence electrons = 5 (P) = 5 electrons.

Step 2 - Lewis Structure & Electron Distribution

Place P at the center and connect each surrounding atom with a single bond, complete octets on the terminal atoms, and place any remaining electrons on the central atom. The resulting electron distribution is: central P bonded; 2 lone pairs on P and one unpaired electron on P.

Counting bonding and nonbonding electrons around P therefore satisfies the octet/expanded-octet requirement for the drawn structure.

P: 2 lone pairs, 0 bonding domains

0 bonding domains + 2 lone pairs = 3 electron domains

Octet Rule: Why P Has Eight Electrons P forms 0 bond(s) and retains 4 nonbonding electron(s), reaching an octet. No expanded octet is required for this second-row (or octet-satisfying) central atom.

Step 3 - VSEPR Theory & Geometry

VSEPR theory states that the 3 electron domains around P arrange to minimize mutual repulsion, giving an trigonal planar electron-domain geometry.

Because 2 of these domains are lone pair(s) — and lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs — the observed molecular geometry is see text; the P bond angle is set to — rather than the ideal value for the electron-domain geometry.

Repulsion hierarchy

A useful VSEPR approximation is: lone pair–lone pair repulsion > lone pair–bonding pair repulsion > bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion. With 2 lone pair(s) on P, the lone-pair domains occupy positions that minimize overall repulsion while pushing the bonding domains (and therefore the bonded atoms) closer together.

Hybridization & Formal Charge

In the conventional localized-bond model, P uses sp2 hybrid orbitals to form the 3 equivalent electron-domain directions (0 bonding + 2 lone pair).

Formal-charge check

Formal charge on central P = V − N − ½B = 5 − 4 − ½×0 = 1. The nonzero formal charge is distributed by resonance / charge separation; the drawn structure is the lowest-energy contributor.

Modeling Note Modeling Note: sp2 is a compact model for the 3 electron-domain directions around P; full quantum-chemical treatments use molecular orbitals.

Is Phosphorus Polar or Nonpolar?

Phosphorus is polar. The see text shape prevents cancellation of the bond dipoles. The bond dipoles do not cancel, leaving a net molecular dipole, which strongly influences solvation behavior and intermolecular interactions.

Expert Quote — Structural Chemistry Perspective

The decisive structural fact is not simply that the individual bonds are polar; it is whether molecular symmetry allows their vector sum to vanish. In Phosphorus the see text arrangement prevents cancellation, so a permanent dipole remains.

Interpretation consistent with standard VSEPR / molecular-geometry references.

This polarity profile underpins its behavior as a solvent, reactant or process intermediate; when sourcing, specify grade and container compatibility.

Structural Comparison Table

Species	Formula	Central Atom	Electron Domains	Molecular Geometry	Polarity
Phosphorus	P	P	3	see text	Polar
Phosphine	H₃P	P	4	trigonal pyramidal	Polar
Phosphorus trichloride	Cl₃P	P	4	trigonal pyramidal	Polar
Phosphorus pentachloride	Cl₅P	P	5	trigonal bipyramidal	Nonpolar
Phosphorus trifluoride	F₃P	P	4	trigonal pyramidal	Polar
Phosphorus pentafluoride	F₅P	P	5	trigonal bipyramidal	Nonpolar

Practice question Starting from the 5 valence electrons of P, draw the Lewis structure and confirm the central P atom is sp2-hybridized with see text geometry. What happens to the bond angle if one terminal atom is replaced by a more electronegative substituent?

Looking for industrial bulk or specified-grade supplies of Phosphorus (CAS 7723-14-0)? Browse Supplier on Guidechem →

FAQs

Is P polar or nonpolar?

Phosphorus is polar. Its see text geometry (and/or unequal terminal atoms) stops the bond dipoles from cancelling.

What is the Lewis structure of Phosphorus?

central P bonded; 2 lone pairs on P and one unpaired electron on P. It uses all 5 valence electrons and the preferred structure carries a formal charge of 1 on the central atom.

What is the bond angle in Phosphorus?

The P angle is about —. Lone-pair repulsion compresses the angle from the ideal trigonal planar value.

What is the hybridization of P in Phosphorus?

The conventional model is sp2. Phosphorus has 3 electron domains around the central P.

What is the CAS number of Phosphorus?

The CAS number is 7723-14-0. PubChem (CID 5462309) and NIST identify this with P; use it to locate suppliers and database records.

References

PubChem CID 5462309, Phosphorus. Molecular formula, CAS number, molecular weight and chemical identity.
NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69, Phosphorus. Formula, CAS Registry Number and thermochemical / spectroscopic data.
IUPAC Gold Book. Definitions for "lone pair", "VSEPR", "hybridization" and "formal charge".
Atkins, P. & de Paula, J., Physical Chemistry. VSEPR, molecular geometry and dipole moments.
Guidechem supplier & dictionary records. Commercial sourcing and CAS-linked property pages for Phosphorus (CAS 7723-14-0).

Technical scope: Lewis structures, VSEPR and hybridization are model-based descriptions for chemical communication and structure prediction; actual molecular electronic structure is more accurately represented by molecular-orbital and quantum-chemical methods. Commercial grades vary substantially by supplier and intended use; CAS 7723-14-0 identifies the substance, not a universal purity specification.

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Phosphorus Lewis Structure