Gallium triiodide Lewis Structure

Gallium triiodide Lewis Structure: GaI₃ Lewis Structure, trigonal planar Geometry, sp2 Hybridization & Polarity

Gallium triiodide Key Facts

The Gallium triiodide Lewis structure is Ga–I single bond, Ga–I single bond and Ga–I single bond; the central Ga has 3 electron domains (0 lone pairs), giving a trigonal planar electron-domain arrangement and a trigonal planar molecular geometry with a 120° bond angle. Ga is best described as sp2-hybridized, and Gallium triiodide is nonpolar because the bond dipoles cancel by molecular symmetry.

Figure 1: Lewis Structure of Gallium triiodide (GaI₃)

Chemical Formula	GaI₃
CAS Number	13450-91-4
Total Valence Electrons	24
Lewis Structure	Ga–I single bond, Ga–I single bond and Ga–I single bond
Electron-Domain Geometry	trigonal planar
Molecular Geometry	trigonal planar
Hybridization Model	sp2 (central Ga)
Bond Angle	120°
Polarity	Nonpolar molecule

PubChem (CID 83478) and NIST list Gallium triiodide as GaI ₃ with CAS 13450-91-4; molecular weight ≈ 450.436 g/mol. View CAS 13450-91-4 dictionary details on Guidechem →

Applications of Gallium triiodide (CAS 13450-91-4)

Gallium triiodide is encountered as a reagent, intermediate or specialty chemical in inorganic, organometallic and materials synthesis. Confirm grade, purity and supplier documentation (SDS) before specifying for a process.

Reagent / Intermediate Used in synthesis and formulation where the substance's reactivity is required.

Specialty Chemical Specified by grade for the intended process or research use.

Sourcing Verify purity, package and regional availability via the CAS identifier.

Procurement Note "Gallium triiodide" is supplied in multiple commercial grades and package sizes. Specify purity, grade, moisture/impurity limits, package (cylinder, drum or bulk) and intended process, and use CAS 13450-91-4 as the primary identifier when screening suppliers; always confirm regional availability and safety documentation (SDS).

Step 1 - Valence Electrons & Central Atom

To draw the Gallium triiodide Lewis structure we first count the total valence electrons. GaI₃ contains 3 (Ga) + 3×7 (I); the net charge of 0 gives a total of 24 valence electrons to place.

The central atom is Ga. It is the least electronegative atom capable of forming multiple bonds and is surrounded by the more electronegative terminal atom(s); hydrogen, when present, always occupies a terminal position. Electronegativity considerations place the electron density toward the terminal atom(s).

Valence-electron count

Total valence electrons = 3 (Ga) + 3×7 (I) = 24 electrons.

Step 2 - Lewis Structure & Electron Distribution

Place Ga at the center and connect each surrounding atom with a single bond, complete octets on the terminal atoms, and place any remaining electrons on the central atom. The resulting electron distribution is: Ga–I single bond, Ga–I single bond and Ga–I single bond; no lone pairs on Ga.

Counting bonding and nonbonding electrons around Ga therefore satisfies the octet/expanded-octet requirement for the drawn structure.

Ga–I Ga–I Ga–I

Ga: 0 lone pairs, 3 bonding domains

3 bonding domains + 0 lone pairs = 3 electron domains

Octet Rule: Why Ga Has Eight Electrons Ga forms 3 bond(s) and retains 0 nonbonding electron(s), reaching an octet. No expanded octet is required for this second-row (or octet-satisfying) central atom.

Step 3 - VSEPR Theory & Geometry

VSEPR theory states that the 3 electron domains around Ga arrange to minimize mutual repulsion, giving an trigonal planar electron-domain geometry.

Because 0 of these domains are lone pair(s) — and lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs — the observed molecular geometry is trigonal planar; the Ga bond angle is set to 120° rather than the ideal value for the electron-domain geometry.

Repulsion hierarchy

A useful VSEPR approximation is: lone pair–lone pair repulsion > lone pair–bonding pair repulsion > bonding pair–bonding pair repulsion. With 0 lone pair(s) on Ga, the lone-pair domains occupy positions that minimize overall repulsion while pushing the bonding domains (and therefore the bonded atoms) closer together.

Hybridization & Formal Charge

In the conventional localized-bond model, Ga uses sp2 hybrid orbitals to form the 3 equivalent electron-domain directions (3 bonding + 0 lone pair).

Formal-charge check

Formal charge on central Ga = V − N − ½B = 3 − 0 − ½×6 = 0. The preferred Lewis structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom (and on the terminals), so it is the dominant contributor.

Modeling Note Modeling Note: sp2 is a compact model for the 3 electron-domain directions around Ga; full quantum-chemical treatments use molecular orbitals.

Is Gallium triiodide Polar or Nonpolar?

Gallium triiodide is nonpolar. Although individual Ga–terminal bonds are polar when the atoms differ in electronegativity, the trigonal planar geometry makes their vector sum zero, so there is no net molecular dipole.

Expert Quote — Structural Chemistry Perspective

A common misconception is that polar bonds guarantee a polar molecule. Gallium triiodide shows the opposite: identical bond dipoles arranged with trigonal planar symmetry cancel exactly, yielding a nonpolar species.

Interpretation consistent with standard VSEPR / molecular-geometry references.

Its nonpolar character governs solvation and intermolecular behavior; specify grade and handling when sourcing.

Structural Comparison Table

Species	Formula	Central Atom	Electron Domains	Molecular Geometry	Polarity
Gallium triiodide	GaI₃	Ga	3	trigonal planar	Nonpolar
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	C	2	linear	Nonpolar
Carbon monoxide	CO	C	2	linear (diatomic)	Polar
Carbon disulfide	CS₂	C	2	linear	Nonpolar

Practice question Starting from the 24 valence electrons of GaI₃, draw the Lewis structure and confirm the central Ga atom is sp2-hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. What happens to the bond angle if one terminal atom is replaced by a more electronegative substituent?

Looking for industrial bulk or specified-grade supplies of Gallium triiodide (CAS 13450-91-4)? Browse Supplier on Guidechem →

FAQs

Is GaI₃ polar or nonpolar?

Gallium triiodide is nonpolar. Its trigonal planar symmetry cancels the bond dipoles exactly.

What is the Lewis structure of Gallium triiodide?

Ga–I single bond, Ga–I single bond and Ga–I single bond; no lone pairs on Ga. It uses all 24 valence electrons and the preferred structure carries zero formal charge on the central atom.

What is the bond angle in Gallium triiodide?

The Ga angle is about 120°. Lone-pair repulsion compresses the angle from the ideal trigonal planar value.

What is the hybridization of Ga in Gallium triiodide?

The conventional model is sp2. Gallium triiodide has 3 electron domains around the central Ga.

What is the CAS number of Gallium triiodide?

The CAS number is 13450-91-4. PubChem (CID 83478) and NIST identify this with GaI₃; use it to locate suppliers and database records.

References

PubChem CID 83478, Gallium triiodide. Molecular formula, CAS number, molecular weight and chemical identity.
NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69, Gallium triiodide. Formula, CAS Registry Number and thermochemical / spectroscopic data.
IUPAC Gold Book. Definitions for "lone pair", "VSEPR", "hybridization" and "formal charge".
Atkins, P. & de Paula, J., Physical Chemistry. VSEPR, molecular geometry and dipole moments.
Guidechem supplier & dictionary records. Commercial sourcing and CAS-linked property pages for Gallium triiodide (CAS 13450-91-4).

Technical scope: Lewis structures, VSEPR and hybridization are model-based descriptions for chemical communication and structure prediction; actual molecular electronic structure is more accurately represented by molecular-orbital and quantum-chemical methods. Commercial grades vary substantially by supplier and intended use; CAS 13450-91-4 identifies the substance, not a universal purity specification.

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Gallium triiodide Lewis Structure