Adipic acid Polarity

Is C₆H₁₀O₄ (Adipic acid) Polar or Nonpolar? Molecular Polarity & Structure Analysis

Figure 1: 2D Lewis Structure (C ₆H ₁₀O ₄; bent oxygen centre)

Polarity Parameters of C₆H₁₀O₄

CAS Registry Number	124-04-9
Molecular Formula	C6H10O4
Molecular Weight	146.14 g/mol
Valence Electrons	58
Lewis Structure Guide	View C6H10O4 Lewis Structure Guide
Dipole Moment (μ)	≈ 2.11 D (calculated: GFN2-xTB//MMFF94, gas phase, calibrated against a 60-molecule benchmark; typical residual ±0.3 D) — the molecule is flexible: across the low-energy conformers the calculated value spans ≈1.99–3.47 D, and the measured gas-phase dipole is a population average inside that range
Dielectric Constant (εr)	≈ 1.01932 (calculated dilute-gas estimate, Debye equation, 298 K, 1 atm)
Snyder Polarity Index (P′)	Not conventionally assigned
XlogP3-AA	0.72 (Crippen calculated, RDKit) (computed descriptor)

Note: Snyder P′ is a chromatographic solvent scale developed for conventional liquid solvents; the dipole moment is a calculated value (GFN2-xTB single point on an MMFF94 geometry, gas phase, single conformer, calibrated against a 60-molecule benchmark), not a measurement; treat it as good to about ±0.3 D; the relative permittivity is a dilute-gas estimate obtained from the Debye equation at 298 K and 1 atm, not a liquid dielectric constant; XlogP is a calculated partition descriptor, not a direct measure of solvent polarity.

1. Molecular Polarity Analysis of Adipic acid: Geometry & Dipole Vector

To determine whether Adipic acid (C₆H₁₀O₄) is polar or nonpolar, the decisive question is whether the bond dipoles of the molecule cancel once its three-dimensional shape is taken into account. Adipic acid is a carboxylic acid, built from 2 × carboxylic acid (–COOH). As set out in the C₆H₁₀O₄ Lewis Structure Guide, C₆H₁₀O₄ has 10 heavy atoms and 5 rotatable bonds. The major markets for adipic acid include use as feedstocks for nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols and plasticzers..

The bond polarities follow from electronegativity. The largest differences in the structure are C–O (ΔEN ≈ 0.89), so electron density is pulled toward oxygen. In three dimensions, the oxygen centre is bent; the 2 non-bonding pairs on oxygen compress the X–O–X angle below the tetrahedral value. As a result, the calibrated dipole moment is μ ≈ 2.11 D. The dipole is conformation-dependent: across the low-energy conformers the calculation spans ≈1.99–3.47 D, and the value quoted above is the one for the lowest-energy conformer. For a flexible molecule the measured gas-phase dipole is the Boltzmann average over that population, so it lies between the two, not at either end. Treated as a dilute ideal gas at 298 K and 1 atm, the Debye equation converts that dipole into a relative permittivity of about 1.01932 — a number very close to unity, which is exactly what a gas-phase value should look like.

For formulation and process work, the useful consequences are these: the calculated topological polar surface area is 74.6 Ų, 2 hydrogen-bond donors and 2 hydrogen-bond acceptors, the Crippen calculated partition coefficient is logP ≈ 0.72 and the calculated molar refractivity is 33.74 cm³ mol⁻¹. A logP in this range means the molecule is amphiphilic enough to cross between phases, which is often the useful behaviour in extraction and formulation. PubChem’s curated experimental record adds: Adipic acid is Slightly soluble in water..

2. Adipic acid application: The major markets for adipic acid include use as feedstocks for nylon…

PubChem’s use and manufacturing record describes Adipic acid as follows: The major markets for adipic acid include use as feedstocks for nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols and plasticzers. These applications are what make the polarity question practical — solvent choice, extraction recovery, cleaning and formulation all turn on how strongly the molecule interacts with polar phases.

The measured physical behaviour recorded for this substance is consistent with that picture. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.. Physical Description: Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid.. Density: 1.36 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water;. Melting Point: 304 °F (USCG, 1999). These are database values and should be read with the conditions (temperature, purity, pressure) that the source states.

Treated as a dilute gas, the calculated relative permittivity is about 1.01932 at 298 K and 1 atm. That figure is close to unity because a gas is mostly empty space: it is a useful consistency check on the dipole, but it is not the number to use when sizing a liquid process, where condensed-phase permittivity and specific interactions dominate.

Structurally the reactivity sits in 2 × carboxylic acid (–COOH). That functional inventory, together with the substantial dipole, is what predicts the solubility and adsorption behaviour: polar groups give the molecule a handle on polar solvents and on polar surfaces, while the hydrocarbon portion resists them.

PubChem’s GHS record for this substance lists H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation] and H319 (95.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]. Those classifications, not the polarity of the molecule, normally determine packaging, labelling, ventilation and transport requirements.

Recommended Analytical Quality-Control Strategy

• Identity confirmation: FTIR or Raman against a reference spectrum, supported by GC–MS or LC–MS where the compound is amenable; this is the fastest way to catch a mis-labelled lot.
• Assay / purity: GC-FID or GC-MS for volatile material, HPLC with a validated detector for non-volatile or thermally labile material; state the basis (area %, assay on dried substance, or titrimetric) on the certificate of analysis.
• Water content: Karl Fischer titration is the default for a substance whose polarity and hydrogen-bonding capacity make it hygroscopic; moisture is the single most common cause of out-of-specification lots.
• Related substances: a gradient HPLC or GC method capable of resolving the synthesis by-products and the isomeric impurities typical of this structure.
• Acid–base / ionisable content: a validated acid–base titration or potentiometric determination, since the ionisable group controls both the assay and the behaviour in use.

In short, specify Adipic acid by assay, water content, impurity profile, packaging and transport class, and state the intended application on the enquiry. The polarity analysis above explains behaviour in use; it does not replace a specification.

3. Polarity Comparison: C₆H₁₀O₄ and Related Industrial Fluids

The comparison below places C₆H₁₀O₄ next to structurally related substances from the same catalogue. Dipole moments come from one consistent protocol (GFN2-xTB//MMFF94, gas phase, single conformer) and are quoted only where that protocol has been validated; where it has not, the cell says so instead of giving a number. Permittivities are dilute-gas estimates from the Debye equation, logP values are Crippen calculations, and the solubility column is a qualitative inference from the calculated descriptors rather than a measurement.

The spread across this table is the point: composition alone does not set the polarity verdict. C₆H₁₀O₄ sits where it does because of the balance between its polar functional groups and the asymmetry of its shape, and any of the neighbouring entries can be the better choice once the temperature, the phase and the required polarity window are fixed.

4. Expert R&D Commentary

5. Regulatory, Safety & Sustainability Trends

Regulatory status is specific to the substance and to the jurisdiction, and it changes. For CAS 124-04-9 the authoritative public sources are the ECHA registered-substance database for the EU, and the OSHA and NIOSH tables for occupational exposure in the United States.

PubChem’s GHS record for this substance lists H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation] and H319 (95.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]. These statements are the ones that must appear on the label and in section 2 of the safety data sheet; they, rather than the polarity of the molecule, drive classification, packaging group and transport documentation.

No occupational exposure limit for this substance is quoted in this article, because none was present in the database record used here. Publishing a limit that is not on the record would be worse than publishing none: obtain the applicable value from the OSHA Z-table, the NIOSH pocket guide or the equivalent national instrument before designing the ventilation or monitoring programme.

From a compliance and sustainability standpoint, the polarity of C₆H₁₀O₄ is a means rather than an end. It determines which solvent can replace another, how completely the substance can be recovered from a stream, and how much energy the separation will cost — so it belongs in the process justification, while the hazard classification and the exposure limits belong in the safety case.

6. Guidechem's Procurement Tips: What to Specify for Adipic acid

A purchase enquiry for Adipic acid (CAS 124-04-9) should state the grade, assay basis, permitted impurity limits, water content, packaging, and the transport and regulatory status required for the destination market. Where the substance is used as a reagent or intermediate, the impurity profile usually matters more than the nominal percentage.

Because polarity governs phase behaviour, it also governs recovery: a substantial molecule is easier to strip from a non-polar stream and harder to dry than a non-polar one, and vice versa. Confirm the Guidechem supply listing for current availability and compare lots on the certificate of analysis rather than on the label alone.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

References & Academic Databases

1. PubChem Compound Summary: Adipic acid, CAS RN 124-04-9, CID 196. National Center for Biotechnology Information. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. ECHA Substance Information: Adipic acid, CAS 124-04-9 — REACH registration status, harmonised classification and regulatory context. European Chemicals Agency.
3. NIST Chemistry WebBook / CCCBDB: experimental geometry, vibrational data and dipole-moment compilations for Adipic acid. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
4. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92nd ed. (Haynes, W. M., ed.), CRC Press, 2011 — electronegativity, dielectric constant and dipole-moment tables.
5. Nelson, R. D.; Lide, D. R.; Maryott, A. A.: Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, NSRDS-NBS 10, National Bureau of Standards, 1967.
6. Snyder, L. R.: solvent-polarity classification and the P′ scale for liquid chromatographic solvents. The P′ scale is defined only for conventional liquid solvents and is not assigned to substances outside that scope.
7. Bannwarth, C.; Ehlert, S.; Grimme, S.: GFN2-xTB — an accurate and broadly parametrised self-consistent tight-binding quantum chemical method with multipole electrostatics and density-dependent dispersion contributions. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2019, 15 (3), 1652–1671.
8. RDKit / Halgren, T. A.: MMFF94 force field for geometry generation (J. Comput. Chem. 1996, 17, 490–519) and the RDKit cheminformatics toolkit used for the Crippen logP, TPSA and hydrogen-bond descriptors quoted here.